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- Apologize 42
- heterosexuality 70
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- eradicable 126
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- Land-Rover 82
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- monologize 68
- spermicidal 67
- Liquefied 92
- bloodshot 186
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- Astronomy-topic astronomy 59
- Collapsed 102
- trapezoidal 71
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- Southwest 228
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- in return 5
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- grub 254
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- craftiest 89
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- Remission 42
- penis 256
- Rehearsal 541
- Churchill Sir Winston 86
- Unwelcome 45
- ambivert 144
- flickers 184
- harpy 156
- Whichever 157
- Transpose 113
- emulation 95
- thimbleful 118
- french-dressing 101
- slating 67
- Promising 205
- impudent 146
- Endurance 393
- Readily 184
- sociopolitical 85
- Diffident 134
- Time saving 44
- Aeroplane 220
- emergencies 93
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- pushbutton 58
- Throwback 51
- knaveries 82
- Unearthed 111
- Boxercise 123
- condemned-cell 81
- handspring 74
- Persimmon 238
- prefiguring 109
- epitaphial 105
- Wearisome 53
- Retaliate 43
- discotheque 139
- hustle 288
- Transpire 81
- childproof 149
- Filipino 121
- myspace 92
- Overblown 114
- Witnessed 70
- improvised 76
- Iteration 252
- implacable 105
- Shadowing 36
- bearability 102
- Interject 65
- debit-card 152
- preachily 56
- Interlude 162
- Idiom 148
- Insistent 55
- jousting 62
- grade crossing 195
- Waterfall 124
- stirrup 151
- Scrambler 45
- seminarian 107
- Residents 127
- levelheaded 73
- administrate 137
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- commercialized 166
- Methodist 141
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- tittie 57
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- next door to something 109
- acid-house 137
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- acceptances 90
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- Nevertheless 351
- temporaries 67
- Provocation 335
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- illuminator 69
- carbolic-acid 79
- Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich 143
- stratification 258
- Macao 113
- prehistory 120
- objectlessness 68
- easy-listening 95
- accessibleness 97
- printless 81
- knickerbockers 105
- elaboration 204
- face-value 168
- stapling 66
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- No matter 162
- Delineate 127
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- twist 939
- Vienna 132
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- coal-miner 80
- Level off 34
- Forlorn 18
- space-out 58
- Tell apart 97
- Weigh down 36
- global-village 91
- umbilicus 164
- insensibility 136
- paraphrastic 67
- Just about 59
- Output 409
- longstanding 61
- Take aback 75
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- eighthly 100
- biscuity 101
- uppity 146
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- starchitect 78
- Tidal wave 138
- gestaltist 93
- exemplification 98
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- kookiest 78
- boxing-day 125
- equations 51
- Still life 41
- Runner-up 71
- In person 33
- whiggery 90
- mizzenmast 71
- leave someone/something hanging 177
- color-coded 109
- protuberance 113
- heathenish 61
- common room 215
- dress-sense 134
- unfunniest 76
- vitalities 74
- Underpin 43
- criss-cross 255
- defaulting 94
- neutralness 58
- blood donor 191
- iconographic 63
- brown-bagging 88
- Demonise 84
- blood-donor 115
- perfumeries 66
- exhortative 90
- representing 69
- Looming 81
- Interactive 225
- ridiculous 828
- taciturnity 62
- rerelease 92
- indubitable 65
- left-handedness 83
- delicately 86
- anatomies 80
- Morphology 129
- enlightened 279
- Lip-smacking 67
- countship 95
- Nightly 109
- interestedly 39
- immortalize 296
- skeuomorph 77
- glance off 189
- brainwashing 106
- desideratum 94
- computerate 164
- first-world-war 105
- accelerando 89
- crack down 294
- regretfully 88
- work-surface 102
- bone-china 119
- anchorperson 199
- Illustration 153
- chlorination 55
- lazinesses 111
- quipster 74
- systematist 64
- pranksome 65
- subcompact 105
- organicity 63
- tradespeople 131
- consensual 222
- organization 802
- transvestist 69
- parametrically 58
- vigorously 228
- barrier-method 100
- cash-crop 100
- moralities 63
rough
Word family
rough1 /rʌf/ ●●● S2 W3 adjectiveadj (comparativecomp rougher, superlativesupl roughest) → ruff
1 not smooth 不平的CSROUGH/NOT SMOOTH having an uneven surface 〔表面〕粗糙的，不平的 OPP smooth
Her hands were rough from hard work.
她的雙手因爲幹重活而變得很粗糙。
the rough terrain at the base of the mountains
山腳下崎岖不平的地形
We were bumping over the rough ground.
我們在崎岖的地面上颠簸而行。
2 not exact 不確切的APPROXIMATELY [usually before noun] not exact, not containing many details, or not in a final form 不確切的，粗略的，大致的 SYN approximate
a rough sketch of the house
房子的草圖
a rough translation
粗略的翻譯
Could you give me a rough idea what time you’ll be home?
你能告訴我你大概什麽時候在家嗎？
a rough estimate of the cost
對成本的粗略估計
First do a rough draft of your essay.
首先給你的文章寫一個草稿。
3 problems/difficulties 問題/困難DIFFICULT a rough period is one in which you have a lot of problems or difficulties 〔時期〕艱難的 SYN tough
The first year was rough, but things have gotten better.
第一年很艱難，但現在已經好起來了。
Sounds like you had a rough day.
聽上去你這一天很不順。
We’ve been through some rough times together.
我們曾經共渡難關。
My boyfriend and I were going through a rough patch.
我和我的男朋友之間有點麻煩。
The bill is in for a rough ride in the Senate.
這項議案在參議院受阻。
It’s been rough going, but we’ve almost finished now.
很費勁，不過我們現在基本上已經完成了。
4 not gentle 不溫柔的VIOLENT using force, anger, or violence 粗野的，粗暴的 OPP gentle
Rugby is a very rough sport.
橄欖球是一項非常粗野的運動。
Don’t be too rough – she’s only little.
别太粗暴——她還小。
Paul gave her a rough shake.
保羅使勁地搖晃她。
equipment capable of withstanding rough treatment
堅固耐用的設備
The referee won’t allow any rough stuff (=violent behaviour).
裁判不允許出現任何粗暴行爲。
be rough on somebody (=treat someone unkindly or criticize them in an angry way) 對某人很兇
► see thesaurus at violentDon’t you think you were a little rough on her?
你不覺得你對她有點兇嗎？
5 town/area etc 城鎮/地區等VIOLENT a rough area is a place where there is a lot of violence or crime 〔地方〕多暴力的；犯罪率高的
a rough part of town
城裏龍蛇混雜的地區
6 weather/sea 天氣/海DN with strong wind or storms 有暴風雨的；風浪大的 OPP calm
The ship went down in rough seas.
船在洶湧的波濤中沉沒了。
7 voice/sound 嗓音/聲音
a) ROUGH VOICEnot sounding soft or gentle, and often rather unpleasant or angry 〔聲音〕不悅耳的，粗聲粗氣的
Barton’s deep, rough voice
巴頓低沉沙啞的嗓音
b) CSOUNDhaving an unpleasant sound, especially because there is something wrong with a machine 〔尤指機器出現故障時發出的聲音〕刺耳的，難聽的
The clutch sounds rough – better get it checked.
離合器的聲音不對頭，最好檢查一下。
8 simple/not well made 簡單的/做得不好的SIMPLE/NOT COMPLICATED simple and often not very well made 簡單的；粗糙的
a rough wooden table
粗糙的木桌
9 not comfortable 不舒服的COMFORTABLE# uncomfortable, and with difficult conditions 不舒服的；條件艱苦的
The journey was long and rough.
旅途漫長而艱苦。
10 have rough edges (also be rough around the edges)
a) to have some parts that are not as good as they should be, but that are not a serious problem 有小問題，有不足之處
The team has a few rough edges, but they’re winning more games.
這支球隊雖然有些小問題，但他們在赢得更多的比賽。
Examples from the Corpus
have rough edges• The play still has a few rough edges, but by next week it should be all right.
11 rough night SLEEPa night when you did not sleep well 不眠之夜，輾轉反側的一夜
Mickey had a rough night last night.
米基昨晚睡得很不安穩。
Examples from the Corpus
12 a rough deal something that happens to you that is unfair or unpleasant 不公平的待遇；不愉快的事
He’s had a rough deal with his wife leaving him like that.
他的妻子就這樣離開他，這對他很不公平。
Examples from the Corpus
13. feel rough British EnglishBrE informalILL to feel ill 感覺身體不適
Examples from the Corpus
feel rough• The altitude had suddenly hit her and she was feeling rough.• The skin feels rough and dry like the bark of trees.• A worn braid feels rough and is best cut away and the line joined by a blood knot.• Don't get up if you're feeling rough - I'll bring you some breakfast in bed.• We say this as readily as we say that they taste sweet, feel rough, or look red.• Liz said she was feeling pretty rough yesterday -- I don't think she'll come to work today.
14 look rough British EnglishBrE informalUNTIDY to look untidy, dirty, or unhealthy 看上去邋遢[肮髒，不健康]
After travelling for two days we must have looked pretty rough.
在路上走了兩天，我們肯定是蓬頭垢面的。
Examples from the Corpus
look rough• It looks rough and unfinished: the corpses probably stir underground during the night.• She did look ill, and Tippy looked rough at the best of times.• Lightly trim the grass using a sharp mower if the surface is looking rough, but do not cut it short.
15 rough and ready SIMPLE/NOT COMPLICATEDnot perfect, but good enough for a particular purpose 粗糙但能用的
The tests are only a rough and ready guide to a pupil’s future development.
這些測試只能大致看出一個學生未來的發展。
Examples from the Corpus
rough and ready• Here are my calculations. They're a little rough and ready as yet, but you'll get a general idea.• It made the rough and ready assumption that the underlying cure of unemployment would be provided by Keynesian economics.• Justice was administered in a rough and ready fashion, without using courts or juries.• Only rough and ready figures are available because of problems of definition.• These can never be anything more than very rough and ready guidelines.• She could talk in quite rough and ready language if occasion demanded.• All have a kitchen with smoke-blackened stone walls and a rough and ready loo hut.• This is a rather rough and ready technique.• In a rough and ready way we can divide the ways in which a government controls and influences people into three.
16 rough justice PUNISHpunishment that is not decided in a court in the usual legal way, and that is often severe or unfair 私刑
Gangs practise a kind of rough justice on their members.
黑幫對其成員用私刑。
Examples from the Corpus
rough justice• Exiled by Bolcarro to that judicial Siberia, Judge Lyttle applied his own rough justice.• For that he was put to death and there was, in one respect, a rough justice about it.• Perhaps this was rough justice for my having ridden that one mile on the workmen's lorry on the sixth day.• So there was rough justice in the world.• the rough justice of the Old West• Here rappers become vigilantes or revolutionaries: machines for dispensing rough justice or revenge.• It seemed to her to be the nearest thing to rough justice that would ever present itself.• On the other hand this meted out only a very rough justice to owners.• But the appetite for rough justice which the gun-toting sheriff satisfied does not easily go away.
—roughness noun [uncountableU]
→ rough diamond, rough paper, roughlyn COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 3: a rough period is one in which you have a lot of problems or difficulties
nouns
a rough day/week etc
He’s had a rough week at work.
a rough time
My children had a rough time because they were different from the rest.
a rough patch (=a difficult time that does not last long)
He was good at encouraging his team when it hit a rough patch.
a rough ride (=a time when you are criticized, opposed etc)
She was given a rough ride by the press.
Though the president pushed the bill through the House of Representatives, it faces a rough ride in the Senate.
rough going (=a difficult and unpleasant experience)
If there is a recession, next year will be very rough going.
THESAURUS
rough having a surface that is not flat or smooth 〔表面〕粗糙的，不平的
rough ground
崎岖的地面
a rough mountain path
崎岖的山路
The walls were all rough.
牆面都毛糙不平。
Her hands were rough and work-hardened.
她的雙手粗糙，且因幹活而變得硬邦邦的。
uneven an uneven surface has areas that are not flat or not all at the same level 〔表面〕不平坦的
The floor was uneven.
地板不平。
She climbed the uneven steps with great care.
她小心翼翼爬上凹凸不平的台階。
bumpy a bumpy road, path, or area of land has a lot of holes and raised parts in it 〔路面或地面〕高低不平的
the bumpy track down to the farm
通向農場的崎岖小道
The field was too bumpy to play football on.
這塊場地不平，無法踢足球。
a bumpy journey (=on a road that has a very rough surface)
颠簸的旅程
coarse having a rough surface that feels slightly hard – used especially about materials such as cloth or wool 〔尤指布、羊毛等材料〕粗糙的
coarse woollen blankets
粗毛毯
coarse grass
粗草
nThe wool felt rather coarse.
rugged /ˈrʌɡəd/ land that is rugged is very rough and uneven and is often in a high place 〔地面〕不平的，崎岖的〔常指高地〕
COLLOCATIONS CHECKthe rugged terrain near the mountains
山區附近的崎岖地形
rough ground/sea/stone/skin
uneven surface/floor/pavement
bumpy road/field/journey
coarse cloth/wool/paper/grass
rugged terrain/mountain/landscape/coastline
Examples from the Corpus
rough• His hands were big and rough.• The stone scraped her legs, was rough against her hands.• It was a rough crossing and most of the passengers were seasick.• I've had a rough day.• It's just a rough draft, but I'd like you to read it and tell me what you think.• He fell, cutting his forehead on the rough edge of a rock.• Armagnac, rather like SuperBrat, is appealing because of its rough edges, its unpredictability.• I've got a rough estimate here of what it might cost.• I'd say that the whole thing would cost you around $1000, but that's just a rough estimate.• A rough gravel trail was the only way into town.• Prices shown are only a rough guideline.• It is rough, he says, very bad.• Hessian cloth provides a rough homespun texture that was popular in the 1950s.• A rough hut, breadfruit, bananas, no one to talk to.• Give us a rough idea of what you're trying to do.• She had a rough idea of where Harry lived, but she didn't know the exact street.• rough mountain paths• Most of the activities are routed through woodland and as some of the pathways can be rough outdoor footwear is recommended.• He gave us a rough outline of the course.• I have not been able to do more than suggest the rough outline of this approach.• Max grew up in a particularly rough part of Brooklyn.• The commonest are rough spar or aggregate finishes, and imitation brick and stonework; all can be painted if required.• Football's a rough sport.• Photographs show the rough surface of the moon.• We were having a rough time just trying to pay the printer.• Here you meet the Garburn Road, a rough trackway which crosses over the pass.• "What are you doing in here?'' shouted the farmer in a rough voice.• Fran was shaking her urgently, his voice rough with concern.
rough draft• One approach to the hypertext-to-text coherence problem is a labor-intensive one and treats the hypertext form as a rough draft.• Tanedo works individually with students, helping them brainstorm and write rough drafts.• She cobbled together a rough draft and then rewrote it, trying to remove the more ostentatious signs of plagiarism.• Let let me do the rough draft and then we can go.• He kept a journal now, one filled with assignments from Speech and Psychology and Math and various rough drafts for me.• Could it really be the first rough draft of a Euro-constitution?• For a while the conditions are so propitious that by spring break I have a rough draft of my book.
rough going• We were continually mending punctures ... It was really rough going on those jobs.• My own preference has always been for the rough-coated variety since these can withstand weather and rough going very much better.
be rough on somebody• These post-ideological times are rough on an avant-garde that always needed an orthodoxy against which to kick.• It was rough on Leeds but not on Harte, who deserved little better for his theatrical antics.• This is rough on the phone company, which still organizes the phone book by first names.
rough seas• A free country in a free world is always at risk from high winds and rough seas.• The equity department weathered not only rough seas but rejection as well.• Dawn revealed that the rough seas had once again snapped the hogging trusses which sagged pitifully on each side of the raft.• Sebastian Cermeno, went down in rough seas in 1595, along with at least seven sailors.• The latter on each occasion was either defeated by rough seas or spotted by enemy aircraft.• It took a bishop called Wilfred, who was driven on to the Sussex coast by rough seas, to make the breakthrough.• Holding on to the balcony as if we were in rough seas, we shout only to have our words whipped away.
rough2 noun
1. the rough DSGuneven ground with long grass on an area where people play golf 〔高爾夫球場的〕長草區 OPP green →5 see picture at 見圖 golf
2 take the rough with the smooth PROBLEMto accept the bad things in life as well as the good ones 既能享樂也能吃苦；好壞都能接受
You have to learn to take the rough with the smooth.
你要學會無論身在順境還是逆境都能泰然處之。
Examples from the Corpus
take the rough with the smooth• I needed them as much as they needed me and I happily took the rough with the smooth.• You have to take the rough with the smooth.
3 [countableC]PICTUREDETAIL# a picture drawn very quickly, not showing all the details 草圖，略圖 SYN sketch
a rough of the proposed housing development
拟建住宅區的草圖
4 in rough British EnglishBrEDETAIL# if you write or draw something in rough, you do it without paying attention to details or tidiness, because you are going to do it again later 粗略地，大致地
It’s best to work in rough first, and then write it out neatly.
最好先打一個草稿，然後再工整地謄寫出來。
5. a bit of rough British EnglishBrE informalSEX/HAVE SEX WITH someone from a lower social class than you, with whom you have a sexual relationship 〔社會地位比自己低的〕性伴侶
→ diamond in the roughExamples from the Corpus
Examples from the Corpus
rough• friction caused by the roughness of the road surface• Particularly helpful is the ability to produce slick roughs, illustrating an idea or a copy line.• His tee shot ended up in the rough and from there he could only slash the ball 50 yards over the green.• Both are talented campaigners who are expert at mixing the rough and the smooth.• The roughs are weeded out until only the best remain.
rough3 verb
1 rough it informalCOMFORTABLE# to live for a short time in conditions that are not very comfortable 〔短時期〕過艱苦的生活
I don’t mind roughing it for a while.
偶爾艱苦一下，我無所謂。
Examples from the Corpus
rough it• It's backpacking, but with horses carrying the load and first-class meals, it's not roughing it.• She had had to rough it alone in digs since she was fifteen.• Since childhood, her idea of roughing it has been to check into an economy-class motel.• Artemis becomes a kind of girl scout roughing it in the woods.
2 rough something ↔ out phrasal verbphr v British EnglishBrE DETAIL#to draw or write something without including all the details 勾勒，畫…的輪廓；草拟
a diagram the engineer had roughed out on his notepad
工程師在記事本上畫的一幅草圖
Examples from the Corpus
rough out• For all the rough treatment meted out to houses in institutional use, many retain remarkably fine interiors.• The roughs are weeded out until only the best remain.
3.rough somebody ↔ up phrasal verbphr v informalHIT to attack someone and hurt them by hitting them 毆打，向…動粗
Examples from the Corpus
rough up• As soon as they left, the agents went after them and roughed them up.• If I did, do you think I would be sitting here letting you rough me up?• I hardly roughed him up at all.• They roughed you up because you talk funny?• If you think I've forgotten how to rough a man up, I can assure you I haven't.• Each day so far we'd driven into the left rough and finished up taking bogey-fives.• The separation is at its most apparent in the summer, when the males feed on rougher pastures higher up the mountain.
Examples from the Corpus
rough• The rest of the animals had been roughed off and turned away in a distant paddock.• Where they roughed out the areas they could cover, and possible sources of material.• On the next play, Cal was flagged for roughing the passer.• As soon as they left, the agents went after them and roughed them up.• Get Jim Bullinger past the first inning without getting too roughed up, and the Chicago Cubs pitcher is tough to beat.• By this time, Zigo had roughed up Flinn a bit, and she was afraid of him.• A television reporter was roughed up.
rough4 adverbadv
1 sleep rough British EnglishBrESLEEP to sleep outside with nothing to protect you from the weather, especially because you have no home to live in 〔尤因無家可歸〕露宿
the number of people sleeping rough on the street
露宿街頭的人數
Examples from the Corpus
sleep rough• Others are left to wander or sleep rough.• She lost precious belongings in her days of sleeping rough.• And he's often had to sleep rough.• Now it's in urgent need of blankets to lend to those forced to sleep rough.• Hundreds of homeless people have to sleep rough every night in London.• A chap who had slept rough for more than 20 years was invited to offer ideas on how it should be run.• How long he'd been sleeping rough no one could tell.• As a result we have seen a sharp fall in the numbers who sleep rough on our streets.• Many people in neighbouring buildings were also hurt as were a number of beggars sleeping rough on the pavement.• The number of teenagers sleeping rough on the streets is on the increase.• I was forced to sleep rough that night in a disused warehouse.
2. play rough VIOLENTto play in a fairly violent way 在比賽中動作粗野
→ cut up rough at cut up(4)Examples from the Corpus
play rough• And the Sabres were determined to play rough.
Examples from the Corpus
rough• "Well, what are you waiting for? Get a move on!'' said the guard roughly.• A man on the subway grabbed her roughly, asking for money.• Write your experiment in rough then read it through carefully before finalizing it.• And even when the tires went flat or the road grew rough, we loved every minute of the journey.
From Longman Business Dictionary
roughrough /rʌf/ adjectiveadj
1a rough figure or amount is not exact
It is possible to give here only very rough figures.
I can only give you a rough estimate at this stage.
2not finished
a rough draft of the report
3a rough period, time etc is one in which you have a lot of problems or difficulties
It may have a rough time marketing the computers as consumer spending is declining.
The group’s general insurance business has had a rough ride (=a very difficult time) in the last couple of years.
Old English ruh
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