clinician• Kegan has much more to say to educators and clinicians from his constructivist perspective.• There are two ways in which researchers and clinicians have attempted to solve this problem.• Another criticalcomponent of this activity will be to address the use of antimicrobial drugs by clinicians and their patients.• This, again, includes members of all three colleges and incorporatesclinicians, basic and behavioural scientists, and students.• Secondly, questionnaires were developed for selfcompletion by other clinicians and non-medical staff in the practice.• Although advisory at present such protocols could be used to regulateclinicianbehaviour.• In summary, the research to date provides few definitiveguidelines for the clinician.