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TOEFL IELTS BNC: 905 COCA: 1780

circumstance

Word family 
cir·cum·stance /ˈsɜːkəmstæns, -stəns $ ˈsɜːr-/ ●●● S2 W1 AWL noun  
1  [countableC usually plural]SITUATION the conditions that affect a situation, action, event etc 情况，情形
 The Soviet Union had been forced by circumstances to sign a pact with Nazi Germany.
苏联为形势所迫同纳粹德国签订了一项条约。
 I can’t imagine a circumstance in which I would be willing to steal.
我无法想象我在什么情况下会愿意去偷东西。
in ... circumstances
 The rules can only be waived in exceptional circumstances.
这些规定只有在特殊情况下才能破例。
under ... circumstances
 Prisoners can only leave their cells under certain circumstances.
只有在某些情况下囚犯才可以离开牢房。
2  under no circumstances  (also in no circumstances British English)NOT DO something used to emphasize that something must definitely not happen 决不，无论如何都不
 Under no circumstances are you to go out.
你绝对不可以出去。
Examples from the Corpus
under no circumstances• Tears must not be allowed to fill their eyes and under no circumstances run down their cheeks.• And under no circumstances are you allowed to vote for me.• Juvenile Court proceedings can be reported but under no circumstances may any child involved in the proceedings be identified.• But under no circumstances comfort the baby, or hold the baby.• That is, under no circumstances must I mention to anyone that I have turned down an invitation to return to Blighty.• Lydon was adamant that under no circumstances would he rejoin the group.• Etiquette demanded that under no circumstances would he change his mind.• The trouble with the proposal was that under no circumstances would the United States give up its ultimate veto on the bombs.
3  under/given the circumstances  (also in the circumstances British English)SITUATION used to say that a particular situation makes an action, decision etc necessary, acceptable, or true when it would not normally be 在这种情况下，情形既然如此
 It’s the best result that could be expected under the circumstances.
在这种情况下，这可能是最好的结果了。
Examples from the Corpus
under/given the circumstances• Their disciplined behavior under the circumstances impressed my father.• Besides, under the circumstances, the risk had to be taken.• Especially under the circumstances and all.• He made some measure of pass at me. Given the circumstances of a cheese dip, it was cheering.• He said that he felt that its terms were the best obtainable under the circumstances.• Perhaps under the circumstances it made sense to remain in the one place.• Well given the circumstances who can blame them.
4  [uncountableU] formalSITUATION the combination of facts, events etc that influence your life, and that you cannot control 命运；客观环境；境遇
 He was a victim of circumstance.
他是客观环境的牺牲品。
5  circumstances [plural] formal the conditions in which you live, especially how much money you have 境况，状况〔尤指经济状况〕
economic/financial/personal etc circumstances
 Whether or not you qualify for a loan will depend on your financial circumstances.
你是否有贷款资格将取决于你的经济状况。
 people living in difficult social circumstances
在艰难的社会环境里生活的人们
in reduced circumstances old-fashioned (=with much less money than you used to have) 财政状况不佳，经济拮据
Examples from the Corpus
economic/financial/personal etc circumstances• Personal circumstances Employees' personal circumstances, such as their domestic commitments, health and age are often taken into account.• Such ferocious outbursts stemmed from 50-cial and economic circumstances which the Mahatma rarely discussed and usually underestimated.• Most identified turning points in terms of crises in family relationships, often connected with a change in financial circumstances.• The influence of the trade unions has been weakened as a consequence of legislation, our economic circumstances, and demographic decline.• But the second problem goes well beyond me and my own personal circumstances.• First, the economic circumstances of poor families have worsened relative to the rest of the population in recent decades.• Is the amount at stake, though small, significant in relation to the financial circumstances of the applicant?• In due course, when economic circumstances permit, we would like to rebuild it.
→ pomp and circumstance at pomp
 COLLOCATIONS
adjectives
in/under certain circumstances (=if particular conditions exist) 在某些情况下
In certain circumstances you may be refused a visa.
在某些情况下你的签证申请有可能会被拒。
exceptional/special circumstances 特殊情况
The court may allow this evidence in exceptional circumstances.
法庭在特殊情况下可能会允许出示这项证据。
normal circumstances 正常情况
In normal circumstances, a child’s language will develop naturally.
在正常情况下，儿童的语言能力会自然发展。
particular circumstances (=special or specific) 特殊情况；特定情况
There may be particular circumstances in which this rule will not apply.
这条规则可能不适用于某些特殊情况。
difficult circumstances 艰苦的环境
Many teachers are doing a very good job under difficult circumstances.
许多老师在艰苦的条件下都干得非常出色。
suspicious circumstances (=making you think something illegal has happened) 可疑情形
Officers said there were no suspicious circumstances surrounding his death.
警方称他的死亡不存在疑点。
mysterious circumstances (=strange or suspicious) 神秘的情况
One of their colleagues had vanished in mysterious circumstances.
他们有一名同事神秘失踪。
unusual circumstances 非常情况
nThere were several unusual circumstances that night.
unforeseen circumstances (=that you did not realize would happen) 未预见的情况
nThe tragedy was the result of a series of unforeseen circumstances.
tragic circumstances (=extremely sad and unfortunate) 悲惨境况
nBoth parents had died in tragic circumstances.
extenuating/mitigating circumstances (=conditions that make it reasonable for someone to break the rules or law) 情有可原的情形
nHunger and poverty are not treated by the courts as extenuating circumstances.
phrases
a set/combination of circumstances 多种因素
This was a very unusual set of circumstances.
这是很不寻常的复杂情况。
the circumstances surrounding something 某事的原因
Police are investigating the circumstances surrounding the accident.
警方正在调查事故原因。
due to circumstances beyond somebody’s control 因为某人无法控制的原因
Occasionally flights are cancelled due to circumstances beyond our control.
偶尔有航班因为我们无法控制的原因而取消。
Examples from the Corpus
circumstance• Women of the same age and circumstance as you are less likely to live with their parents.• Justified because so clearly embraced by circumstances they had only the subtlest hand in bringing into being?• However, it has been claimed that some doctors in the province will perform abortions in certain circumstances.• It may be that under certain circumstances one of the alternative methods of valuation is the most appropriate.• Only in one particular circumstance could the court legally override the decision.• Under these circumstances the Chinook can carry up to equipped men, and the Puma carries sixteen.• Personally, I feel it was reasonable under those circumstances.• For the first time in three years, circumstances prevented me from attending.
in ... circumstances• In the circumstances of 1921, Michael Joyce would have been ill-advised to seek reconciliation with the new order in Ireland.• If there is an offence at all in such circumstances, it is probably under section 5 rather than section 4.• But in other circumstances returns will be maximised by raising prices.• But in such circumstances they are all we have.• What would Sherlock Holmes do in the circumstances?• It happened three times while I was there, each in very similar circumstances.• Assume that a duty of care is owed by A to C as a rescue was reasonably foreseeable in the circumstances.• This implies that very demanding quality assurance procedures and methods are needed in such circumstances.
victim of circumstance• She was feeling helpless, a victim of circumstances temporarily outside her control, and it was a feeling she loathed.• Or is she a victim of circumstances?• It can be said he was a victim of circumstances.• As I have said, he was a victim of circumstances, and of a strong concentration of parental love.• This argument has received wide currency, in part because it again presents Gloucester as the victim of circumstances rather than their manipulator.• Of course, he was for ever the victim of circumstances.
Origin circumstance
(1100-1200) Old French Latin circumstantia, from circumstare “to stand around”, from circum- (CIRCUM-) + stare “to stand”
cir·cum·stance noun →COLLOCATIONS1
LDOCE Online
Chinese
Syllable
Corpus
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 905 COCA: 1780
circumstance

noun¹

 1(usually circumstances) facts/events that affect sth情況；境況ADJECTIVE | ... OF CIRCUMSTANCES | CIRCUMSTANCE + VERB | PREPOSITION | PHRASES ADJECTIVE➤favourable/favorable有利的環境◇The plan might work better with more favourable / favorable circumstances.如果客觀環境有所改善，這個計劃實施起來效果可能更好。➤adverse, difficult, dire, tragic, trying, unfavourable/unfavorable逆境；困境；可怕的境遇；悲慘的境遇；艱難的環境；不利的環境◇people facing adverse circumstances面對逆境的人◇He died in tragic circumstances.他在悲慘的境況中死去。➤normal, ordinary正常／一般情況◇In normal circumstances I would let you use my car, but today I need it.正常情況下我會讓你用我的車，但是今天我要用車。➤exceptional, extraordinary, extreme, special, unusual異常／特別／極端／特殊／不尋常的情況◇Only if the circumstances are exceptional will we accept late applications.除非特殊情況，否則我們不接受逾期申請。➤mysterious, suspicious神秘的／可疑的情況◇She died in rather suspicious circumstances.她死得相當蹊蹺。➤extenuating, mitigating可減輕罪行的／可考慮從輕處置的情節◇His sentence was reduced because of the extenuating circumstances.因為有可減輕罪行的情節，他獲得了減刑。➤changed, changing, different變化了的／正在變化的／不同的情況▸➤unavoidable, unforeseen不可避免的／未預見到的情況▸➤economic, financial, historical, political, social經濟／財務／歷史／政治／社會狀況◇life in the changing economic circumstances of China在中國不斷變化的經濟狀況中的生活➤certain, particular, specific某種／特定的／具體的情況➤current, present當前的／目前的情況➤right合適的情況➤life (especially NAmE) 生活狀況... OF CIRCUMSTANCES➤set一系列情況◇an unfortunate set of circumstances that made her life difficult使她生活陷入困境的一連串不幸遭遇CIRCUMSTANCE + VERB➤change情況變化➤conspire情況共同導致⋯◇I felt that circumstances were conspiring against me.我感到各種情況都對我很不利。➤force情況迫使▸➤dictate sth, require sth, warrant sth情況決定⋯／要求⋯／證明⋯正當◇Circumstances dictate that I should leave this town forever.客觀形勢決定我應該永遠離開這座小鎮。➤allow情況允許PREPOSITION➤according to circumstance根據情況◇The amount paid will vary according to circumstances.所付數額視情況而定。➤due to... circumstances由於⋯的情況◇Due to unforeseen circumstances, we have had to reschedule the concert.由於始料未及的情況，我們不得不將音樂會改期。➤in... circumstances在⋯情況下◇She died in suspicious circumstances.她死得蹊蹺。➤in the circumstances, under the circumstances在⋯情況下◇In the circumstances, you'd better call the police.在這種情況下，你最好打電話報警。➤circumstance surrounding圍繞⋯的情況◇The bank will investigate the circumstances surrounding the robbery.銀行要調查這樁搶劫案的相關情況。PHRASES➤by force of circumstance迫於形勢◇The survivors ate plants and insects by force of circumstance.幸存者迫於環境只得吃植物和昆蟲。➤circumstances beyond our control我們無法控制的情況◇The delays were due to circumstances beyond our control.延誤是由於不可控因素造成的。➤the circumstances of sb's life某人的生活狀況◇the tragic circumstances of his early life他早年悲慘的境遇➤a combination of circumstances各種情況的綜合◇We lost our position in the market due to a combination of circumstances.由於多方面的原因，我們失去了原先的市場地位。➤in no circumstances, under no circumstances在任何情況下都不；決不◇Under no circumstances should you leave the door unlocked.無論如何都不應該不鎖門。➤a victim of circumstance客觀環境的受害者◇He was simply a victim of circumstance.他不過是個客觀環境的犧牲品。
circumstance

noun²

 2circumstances amount of money you have個人經濟狀況ADJECTIVE | CIRCUMSTANCES + VERB | PREPOSITION ADJECTIVE➤desperate, modest, reduced, straitened (formal) 捉襟見肘的／不寬裕的／拮据的／貧困的境況➤comfortable安逸的經濟狀況➤better比較好的經濟狀況▸➤domestic, family, personal家庭經濟狀況；個人經濟狀況CIRCUMSTANCES + VERB➤improve經濟狀況改善▸➤worsen經濟狀況惡化PREPOSITION➤in ... circumstance處於⋯經濟狀況◇He was a writer living in straitened circumstances.他是一個生活拮据的作家。
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 905 COCA: 1780
circumstance noun
⇨ situation
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 905 COCA: 1780
circumstance
General words for situations and circumstances: situation, circumstance, conditions...

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