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IELTS BNC: 1016 COCA: 1904

reference

Word family 
Related topics: Employment, Education, Newspapers, printing, publishing, Geography
ref·er·ence1 /ˈrefərəns/ ●●● S2 W1 noun  
1  [countableC, uncountableU]MENTION part of something you say or write in which you mention a person or thing 提及，谈到
reference to
 There is no direct reference to her own childhood in the novel.
小说里没有直接提及她自己的童年。
 The article made no reference to previous research on the subject.
文章没有提及此前对该课题的研究情况。
 The governor made only a passing reference to the problem of unemployment (=he mentioned it quickly).
州长对失业问题只是一语带过。
2  [uncountableU]LOOK FOR the act of looking at something for information 查阅，查看
for easy/quick reference
 A vocabulary index is included for easy reference.
附有词汇索引以便查阅。
 Keep their price list on file for future reference (=so that it can be looked at in the future).
将他们的价目表存档，以供日后参考。
 The book will become a standard work of reference (=a book that people look at for information).
这本书将成为权威参考书。
3  reference point  (also point/frame of reference)
a) an idea, fact, event etc that you already know, which helps you understand or make a judgment about another situation 〔帮助理解或判断的〕参照标准，参考依据
 Lee’s case will be the reference point for lawyers in tomorrow’s trial.
李的判例将成为律师在明天庭审时的参考依据。
 She used her work experience as a frame of reference for her teaching.
她把自己的工作经历作为教学的参考依据。
b) something that you can see that helps you to know where you are when you are travelling in an area 〔用于识别方位的〕参照物
Examples from the Corpus
reference point• The time he spent in prison serves as a point of reference for Bowden - the lessons are worth remembering.• This team has a reference point.• It was a reference point without which the tragedy could not be expressed.• But he remained a constant reference point among those concerned about the course the nation was taking.• They establish reference points and reference lines.• Align to line up typeset or other graphic material as specified, using a base or vertical line as the reference point.• Fitzgerald's case will be the reference point for lawyers in tomorrow's trial.• It is equally correct and sometimes more useful to view demand from the reference point of quantity.• I concentrated on the reference points and on keeping one or two rotor diameters away from the other ship.• We are left with a play on signs which has no ultimate reference point other than the commodity.
4  in/with reference to something formalCONNECTED WITH used to say what you are writing or talking about, especially in business letters 关于某事〔尤用于公函〕
 I am writing to you in reference to the job opening in your department.
获悉贵部门有空缺职位，特来函求问。
Examples from the Corpus
in/with reference to something• With reference to our agents, we have complete confidence in their honesty.• This leads to a final question that we ought to ask in reference to the three-part teaching force I have proposed.• It requires learners to provide a word to fill a blank in reference to a picture.• I had to rediscover and assert my Jamaicanness but qualify it with references to my London upbringing.• It is precisely in reference to such functions that the issue of royal control arises.• The search engine just took your three words and assumed you were looking for sites with references to any of them.• Joyce's tale, shot through with references to singers and composers, also features traditional songs.• From now on the capital G would always be used in reference to them.• But not all implications are valid in reference to pedagogy.
5  [countableC]
a) BE (also letter of reference) a letter containing information about you that is written by someone who knows you well, and is usually intended for a new employer 推荐信，介绍信
 We will need references from your former employers.
我们需要你以前雇主的推荐信。
b) BESEa person who provides information about your character and abilities 介绍人，推荐人 SYN referee
 Ask your teacher to act as one of your references.
请你的老师做推荐人之一。
6  [countableC]TCN a book, article etc from which information has been obtained 参考书目
 a comprehensive list of references
详尽的参考书目清单
7  TCNSG[countableC] a number that tells you where you can find the information you want in a book, on a map etc 〔书、地图等中的〕编号，参照号
 a list of towns, each with a map reference
一份城镇清单，每个城镇都有地图参照号
→ cross-reference, → terms of reference at term1(11)
n COLLOCATIONS
verbs
make reference to something
Official reports made no reference to the incident.
phrases
there is a reference to something
There are 32 references to eagles in the Bible.
adjectives
a specific/direct/explicit reference (=mentioning something specifically/directly etc)
No specific reference was made to the race of the children.
an oblique reference (=not direct)
He added, in an oblique reference to the US, that ‘some countries could do more’.
a brief reference
Brief references to the tragedy have appeared in the French press.
a passing reference (=one that you make while you are talking about something else)
He made only a passing reference to his injury.
frequent/constant/repeated references
Medieval literature contains frequent references to insanity.
an occasional reference
During the interview, he made only occasional references to his forthcoming autobiography.
Examples from the Corpus
reference• The thesaurus functions not only as a retrieval aid, but also as a reference facility.• Did he make any reference to his forthcoming trial?• But these fragments of stories about these characters really are references for me.• David Whitehouse has enough letters of character reference to paper Bermondsey warehouse and he seems anxious to read all of them.• The poem contains references to places where the poet spent his childhood.• Also labels the components on your drawing as per your circuit diagram and retain for future reference.• map reference SG49• The Queen made no reference to the incident in her speech.• We choose our frame of reference and attack something for not fitting it.• a list of references at the end of the article• Sub-Committee E has wider terms of reference than the other sub-committees.• Where, for example, is there even a passing reference to the benefits of fair trade?• For the adoption, the Millers provided references and numerous other documents.• It is equally correct and more useful in some instances to view supply from the reference point of quantity.• One shelf was filled with reference works.• Ask a teacher to act as one of your references.
made ... reference• But the Act made no specific reference to special provision for young workers.• I have already made some reference to it.• He also made dark references to drink.• These also made for easier reference with page turning being easier than unwinding a scroll to find your place.• The choice between the two roads can not, in my opinion, be made simply by reference to binding authority.• Mr Chittenden made no reference to his intentions.• However, the White Paper made no reference to any increased funding.• You made no reference to what had happened.
for easy/quick reference• Appendix 1 lists all the statutory instruments made under the Act for easy reference.• There are marginal comments and addresses for quick reference.• It makes sense to keep such information on file for quick reference.• Don't miss our handy Gardener's Year binder, designed to store your monthly cut-out-and-keep guide, for easy reference.• Other, generally applicable subdivisions, are shown in a separate list for easy reference.• We might like to keep this leaflet with your statements for easy reference.• Windows Radio Toolbar, which puts a host of Net radio stations on your toolbar for quick reference.• A list of macro names and the text that they include can be used for quick reference.
map reference• Anywhere in the country can be given a map reference.• He says that if the ambulancemen had a map reference they might have found him sooner.
reference2 verb [transitiveT] written  
to mention another book, article etc that contains information connected with the subject you are writing about 查阅；参考
 The book does not reference anything written in the last 10 years.
该书并未参考过去十年中的任何作品。
Examples from the Corpus
reference• Programs typically reference the same limited areas of storage for relatively long periods of time.
From Longman Business Dictionary
referenceref·er·ence /ˈrefərəns/ noun [countableC]
1with reference to formal used to say what you are writing or talking about, especially in business letters
With reference to your recent advertisement, I am writing to apply for the post of sales manager.
2 (also reference number), written abbreviation ref a group of numbers and letters that identify a document. A reference is often put at the top of a business letter
Thank you for your letter (reference JC/216).
Please quote the reference number above in all correspondence.
3HUMAN RESOURCESa letter written by someone who knows you well, usually to a new employer, giving information about your character, abilities, or qualifications
We will be taking up (=getting) references from your former employers.
No employee can insist upon being given a reference when he leaves a job.
4a person who provides information about your character, abilities, or qualifications when you are trying to get a jobSYN referee
Could I ask you to act as one of my references?
5FINANCEBANKINGCOMMERCEa report giving information on a company’s business reputation and financial situation
Bank references are sought by companies to ensure that those with whom they are trading are solvent and can pay for the goods supplied to them.
We always ask for trade references (=from members of the customer’s own trade) from our customers.
→ banker's reference
6terms of reference [plural] the agreed limits of what an official committee or report will deal with
The matter of compensation is not within the committee’s terms of reference.
ref·er·ence1 noun →n COLLOCATIONS1reference2 verb
LDOCE Online
Chinese
Syllable
Corpus
IELTS BNC: 1016 COCA: 1904
reference

noun¹

 1mentioning sb/sth談到ADJECTIVE | VERB + REFERENCE | PREPOSITION ADJECTIVE➤extensive廣泛提及▸➤brief, casual, passing簡要提及；隨口提到；順便提及▸➤occasional偶爾提及▸➤frequent, repeated頻頻提起；再三提及▸➤constant不斷提及▸➤further進一步的涉及◇They could find no further reference to Mr LaMotte in the records.他們找不到有關拉莫特先生更多的記錄了。➤general一般性的提及▸➤particular, special, specific特別涉及；具體指明◇She won a grant to study political science with special reference to China.她獲得了專門研究中國政治的政治學獎學金。➤direct, explicit, express (law法律, especially BrE) , overt直接提及；直截了當的提及；明確的提及；公開提到▸➤cryptic, indirect, oblique, obscure, subtle, vague, veiled隱晦的提及；間接提到；巧妙的提及；模糊的提及▸➤clear, obvious清楚的提到；明顯提及▸➤ambiguous模稜兩可的提到➤early早期提到◇one of the earliest references to the game of chess最早提到象棋的資料之一➤biblical, cultural, historical, literary, religious《聖經》指涉；文化指涉；歷史上提及；文學指涉；宗教指涉▸➤written書面提及VERB + REFERENCE➤contain, have, include包含指涉；有提及◇Her diary contains no reference to the alleged appointment.她的日記上根本沒記什麼所謂的約會。➤drop, make無意中提及；提到◇He dropped casual references to the legacy of his great work.他不經意地提到他的巨著的影響。◇The article makes no reference to his first marriage.這篇文章隻字未提他的第一次婚姻。➤delete, drop, omit, remove不提◇The new constitution dropped all reference to previous wars.新憲法絲毫未提以前的戰爭。➤avoid避免提及▸➤find找到提及之處➤get, understand理解指涉◇The audience didn't get the references to colonialism.觀眾沒有理解其中涉及到的殖民主義的內容。PREPOSITION➤in a/the reference提及◇In an obvious reference to the president, he talked of corruption in high places.他談到了高層的貪污腐敗，明顯是在影射總統。➤in reference to, with reference to (in letters用於信函) 關於◇I am writing with reference to your job application.關於您申請工作一事，現特函回覆。➤reference to對⋯的提及◇The summary should be comprehensible without reference back to the source work.摘要應明白易懂，無需再提及原文。◇The book is filled with references to God.整本書滿是提及上帝的內容。
reference

noun²

 2consulting sb/sth for advice/help/information咨詢ADJECTIVE | PREPOSITION | PHRASES ADJECTIVE➤easy, quick容易查找；迅速查考◇The book is organized alphabetically for easy reference.為了便於查閱，這本書是按字母順序排列的。➤further, future進一步／日後參考PREPOSITION➤by reference to參照◇Our charges are calculated by reference to an hourly rate.我們的收費是按每小時固定費率計算的。➤for reference作為參考◇Retain a copy of the form for future reference.留一份表格以備日後參考。➤without reference to未徵求◇The decision was made without reference to local managers.此決定未徵求當地主管的意見。PHRASES➤for sb's own reference, for sb's personal reference供某人自己參考／私下參考◇I made a copy of your work, just for my own reference.我複印了一份你的作品，僅供我自己參考。➤for reference purposes作為參考◇She needs the book for reference purposes.她需要這本書作參考。➤a source of reference參考資料◇The book is an invaluable source of reference for the art historian.對藝術史學家們來說，這本參考書是無價之寶。
reference

noun³

 3book containing facts/information含事實或信息的書ADJECTIVE | REFERENCE + NOUN ADJECTIVE➤general綜合性的參考書◇The book is by far the best general reference on natural history.這本書是目前研究博物學最好的大全。➤comprehensive綜合性的參考書➤essential必不可少的參考書➤handy, useful手邊的／有用的參考書➤excellent, good絕佳的／出色的參考書➤standard標準的參考書➤online在線參考書◇an online reference tool在線參考工具REFERENCE + NOUN➤book, guide, manual, material, source, text, work參考書；參考指南；參考資料；參考文獻；參考作品➤tool參考工具（書）▸➤library參考書閱覽室▸➤section資料室◇You'll find the information in the reference section of your local library.你可以在當地圖書館的資料室裏找到相關信息。➤desk (= in a library) (especially NAmE) （圖書館）咨詢台➤librarian (especially NAmE) 參考書管理員
reference

noun⁴

 4number/note/symbol數字；註釋；標記ADJECTIVE | VERB + REFERENCE | REFERENCE + NOUN | PREPOSITION | PHRASES ADJECTIVE➤copious大量的參考▸➤full完備的參考書目◇For full references of all books cited, see Appendix B.所有參考書目的詳細信息見附錄 B。➤appropriate適當參考◇Please quote the appropriate reference in your letter.請在信中提供恰當的參考資料。➤bibliographic, bibliographical參考書目▸➤page頁碼索引▸➤grid, map格網參照；地圖點位號VERB + REFERENCE➤quote引用引文▸➤cite, give引述／提供出處◇References to original sources are given at the end of each chapter.每一章節後面提供了原始資料的出處。➤check核對出處REFERENCE + NOUN➤number參照號PREPOSITION➤in a/the reference在參考書目中◇The date of publication should be included in the reference.出版日期應包括在參考書目中。➤reference to參見◇a reference to page 17參見第 17 頁PHRASES➤a list of references參考資料目錄
reference

noun⁵

 5letter about your character/abilities介紹信ADJECTIVE | VERB + REFERENCE | PREPOSITION | PHRASES ADJECTIVE➤glowing, good熱情洋溢的／有利的介紹信➤bad不利的介紹信▸➤character人品介紹信VERB + REFERENCE➤ask for索要介紹信➤need需要介紹信▸➤give (sb), provide (sb with), write (sb)（向某人）提供介紹信；（給某人）寫推薦信▸➤follow up, take up (BrE) 核實介紹信；與推薦人聯繫◇They've taken up my references (= contacted the people who provided them), so they must be interested in me.他們已聯繫了我的推薦人，一定是對我感興趣才這麼做的。PREPOSITION➤reference from⋯的推薦信◇a reference from your current employer現任雇主的推薦信PHRASES➤a letter of reference推薦信
reference

noun⁶

 6 (especially NAmE) recommends sb for a job推薦  ➡ see also referee VERB + REFERENCE | PREPOSITION VERB + REFERENCE➤act as, be做推薦人➤contact聯繫推薦人PREPOSITION➤reference for⋯的推薦人◇His former employer agreed to act as a reference for him.他的前任雇主答應做他的推薦人。
reference

noun⁷

 7standards by which sth is judged評判標準REFERENCE + NOUN | PHRASES REFERENCE + NOUN➤point基準點；參照點➤group參照組◇Gene frequencies were calculated then compared with the Finnish population as a reference group.先對基因頻率進行了計算，然後以芬蘭人口為參照組進行了對比。➤sample (science科學) 參照樣本PHRASES➤a frame of reference準則◇People interpret events within their own frame of reference.人們都根據自己的標準來解讀各類事件。➤a point of reference參照點◇Unemployment serves as a useful point of reference in examining social problems.失業情況是研究社會問題的有效參照。➤terms of reference (especially BrE) 授權範圍◇The matter was outside the committee's terms of reference.這件事已超出了委員會的授權範圍。
IELTS BNC: 1016 COCA: 1904
reference noun
⇨ reference (with reference to your letter of 22 July) ⇨ endorsement (a reference from your last employer) reference

noun

reference ♦︎ mention ♦︎ quote ♦︎ quotation ♦︎ citation ♦︎ allusionThese are all words for sth that you say or write that mentions or repeats sb/sth else. 这些词均表示提到、谈及。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a quote / quotation / citation (taken) from sb / sth◆in a reference / an allusion to sb / sth◆a brief reference / mention / allusion◆the earliest reference to / mention of sb / sth◆to make no reference to / mention of sb / sth◆to be full of references / allusions to sth◆This quote / quotation / citation comes from...■ reference [countable, uncountable] something that you say or write that mentions sb/sth else; the act of mentioning sb/sth 说到（或写到）的事；提到；谈及◆In an obvious reference to the president, she talked of corruption in high places.她谈到高层人员的腐败问题，显然是在影射总统。◆She made no reference to her illness, but only to her future plans.她没有提及自己的病，只说了未来的打算。◆ (formal, written) With reference to your letter of 22 July...关于你7月22日的来信⋯  see also refer to sb/sth ⇨ mention verb ■ mention [uncountable, countable, usually singular] the act of mentioning sb/sth; sth that you say or write that mentions sb/sth else 提到；谈及；说到（或写到）的事◆He went white at the mention of her name.提到她的名字时他脸色煞白。◆We have several other products worthy of mention.我们有其他几种产品值得一提。◆The concert didn't even get a mention in the newspapers.各家报纸对这场音乐会只字未提。  see also mention ⇨ mention verb NOTE 辨析 Reference or mention? Reference is usually countable; the uncountable form is mostly used in fixed expressions in formal writing. Mention is more often uncountable; the countable form can be slightly informal, as in the phrase get a mention. * reference通常作可数名词，不可数形式主要用于正式文章的固定用语中。mention较常作不可数名词，可数形式稍偏非正式，如短语get a mention。■ quote [countable] (informal) words or lines taken from a book or play or sth that sb has said, and repeated because they are interesting or useful 引文；引语◆This quote comes from a poem by Robert Browning.这句引语出自罗伯特•勃朗宁的一首诗。◆The article included quotes from detectives who worked on the case.文中引述了办理此案的侦探的话。■ quotation kwəʊˈteɪʃn; NAmE kwoʊˈteɪʃn [countable, uncountable] (formal or written) words or lines taken from a book, play, speech, etc. and repeated because they are interesting or useful; the act of repeating a quotation 引文；引语；语录；引用◆The book began with a quotation from Goethe.这本书一开头引用了歌德的隽语。◆The writer illustrates his point by quotation from a number of sources.作者旁征博引以证明自己的观点。NOTE 辨析 Quote or quotation?Both these words can refer to words taken from writing or formal speeches. 这两个词均可指从著作或正式演讲辞引用的话◆a quote / quotation from Shakespeare一条莎士比亚名言But only quote is used when repeating informal speech. 但引述非正式讲话仅用quote◆quotations from detectives who worked on the case   see also quote ⇨ mention verb , quote ⇨ quote verb ■ citation saɪˈteɪʃn [countable, uncountable] (formal or written) a quotation from or reference to a book, piece or writing or author, especially in academic writing; the act of repeating a citation 引文；引语；（尤指学术著作中的）引述；引用◆The report contained several citations taken from her PhD thesis.该报告载有几处取自她的博士论文的引文。◆Space does not permit the citation of examples.篇幅有限，示例从略。   see also cite ⇨ mention , cite ⇨ quote ■ allusion əˈluːʒn [countable, uncountable] (rather formal) something that is said or written that refers to another person or subject in an indirect way 间接提到的事；暗指；典故◆His statement was seen as an allusion to the recent drug-related killings.他的声明被视为暗指最近与毒品有关的多起凶杀案。◆Her poetry is full of obscure literary allusion.她的诗随处可见晦涩的文学典故。   see also allude to sb/sth ⇨ mention
IELTS BNC: 1016 COCA: 1904

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