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TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2422 COCA: 2627

rough

Word family 
Related topics: Textures, sounds, Nature, Colours & sounds
rough1 /rʌf/ ●●● S2 W3 adjectiveadj (comparativecomp rougher, superlativesupl roughest)   → ruff
1  not smooth 不平的CSROUGH/NOT SMOOTH having an uneven surface 〔表面〕粗糙的，不平的 OPP smooth
 Her hands were rough from hard work.
她的双手因为干重活而变得很粗糙。
 the rough terrain at the base of the mountains
山脚下崎岖不平的地形
 We were bumping over the rough ground.
我们在崎岖的地面上颠簸而行。
2  not exact 不确切的APPROXIMATELY [usually before noun] not exact, not containing many details, or not in a final form 不确切的，粗略的，大致的 SYN approximate
 a rough sketch of the house
房子的草图
 a rough translation
粗略的翻译
 Could you give me a rough idea what time you’ll be home?
你能告诉我你大概什么时候在家吗？
 a rough estimate of the cost
对成本的粗略估计
 First do a rough draft of your essay.
首先给你的文章写一个草稿。
3  problems/difficulties 问题/困难DIFFICULT a rough period is one in which you have a lot of problems or difficulties 〔时期〕艰难的 SYN tough
 The first year was rough, but things have gotten better.
第一年很艰难，但现在已经好起来了。
 Sounds like you had a rough day.
听上去你这一天很不顺。
 We’ve been through some rough times together.
我们曾经共渡难关。
 My boyfriend and I were going through a rough patch.
我和我的男朋友之间有点麻烦。
 The bill is in for a rough ride in the Senate.
这项议案在参议院受阻。
 It’s been rough going, but we’ve almost finished now.
很费劲，不过我们现在基本上已经完成了。
4  not gentle 不温柔的VIOLENT using force, anger, or violence 粗野的，粗暴的 OPP gentle
 Rugby is a very rough sport.
橄榄球是一项非常粗野的运动。
 Don’t be too rough – she’s only little.
别太粗暴——她还小。
 Paul gave her a rough shake.
保罗使劲地摇晃她。
 equipment capable of withstanding rough treatment
坚固耐用的设备
 The referee won’t allow any rough stuff (=violent behaviour).
裁判不允许出现任何粗暴行为。
be rough on somebody (=treat someone unkindly or criticize them in an angry way) 对某人很凶
 Don’t you think you were a little rough on her?
你不觉得你对她有点凶吗？
► see thesaurus at violent
5  town/area etc 城镇/地区等VIOLENT a rough area is a place where there is a lot of violence or crime 〔地方〕多暴力的；犯罪率高的
 a rough part of town
城里龙蛇混杂的地区
6  weather/sea 天气/海DN with strong wind or storms 有暴风雨的；风浪大的 OPP calm
 The ship went down in rough seas.
船在汹涌的波涛中沉没了。
7  voice/sound 嗓音/声音
8  simple/not well made 简单的/做得不好的SIMPLE/NOT COMPLICATED simple and often not very well made 简单的；粗糙的
9  not comfortable 不舒服的COMFORTABLE# uncomfortable, and with difficult conditions 不舒服的；条件艰苦的
10  have rough edges  (also be rough around the edges)
Examples from the Corpus
have rough edges• The play still has a few rough edges, but by next week it should be all right.
11  rough night SLEEPa night when you did not sleep well 不眠之夜，辗转反侧的一夜
Examples from the Corpus
had a rough night• They had a rough night last night.• Sounds as if he had a rough night trying to keep pace with his hosts, poor fellow!
12  a rough deal something that happens to you that is unfair or unpleasant 不公平的待遇；不愉快的事
Examples from the Corpus
had a rough deal• All agreed they had a rough deal as their work often involved great pain.
13. feel rough British EnglishBrE informalILL to feel ill 感觉身体不适
Examples from the Corpus
feel rough• The altitude had suddenly hit her and she was feeling rough.• The skin feels rough and dry like the bark of trees.• A worn braid feels rough and is best cut away and the line joined by a blood knot.• Don't get up if you're feeling rough - I'll bring you some breakfast in bed.• We say this as readily as we say that they taste sweet, feel rough, or look red.• Liz said she was feeling pretty rough yesterday -- I don't think she'll come to work today.
14  look rough British EnglishBrE informalUNTIDY to look untidy, dirty, or unhealthy 看上去邋遢[肮脏，不健康]
Examples from the Corpus
look rough• It looks rough and unfinished: the corpses probably stir underground during the night.• She did look ill, and Tippy looked rough at the best of times.• Lightly trim the grass using a sharp mower if the surface is looking rough, but do not cut it short.
15  rough and ready SIMPLE/NOT COMPLICATEDnot perfect, but good enough for a particular purpose 粗糙但能用的
Examples from the Corpus
rough and ready• Here are my calculations. They're a little rough and ready as yet, but you'll get a general idea.• It made the rough and ready assumption that the underlying cure of unemployment would be provided by Keynesian economics.• Justice was administered in a rough and ready fashion, without using courts or juries.• Only rough and ready figures are available because of problems of definition.• These can never be anything more than very rough and ready guidelines.• She could talk in quite rough and ready language if occasion demanded.• All have a kitchen with smoke-blackened stone walls and a rough and ready loo hut.• This is a rather rough and ready technique.• In a rough and ready way we can divide the ways in which a government controls and influences people into three.
16  rough justice PUNISHpunishment that is not decided in a court in the usual legal way, and that is often severe or unfair 私刑
Examples from the Corpus
rough justice• Exiled by Bolcarro to that judicial Siberia, Judge Lyttle applied his own rough justice.• For that he was put to death and there was, in one respect, a rough justice about it.• Perhaps this was rough justice for my having ridden that one mile on the workmen's lorry on the sixth day.• So there was rough justice in the world.• the rough justice of the Old West• Here rappers become vigilantes or revolutionaries: machines for dispensing rough justice or revenge.• It seemed to her to be the nearest thing to rough justice that would ever present itself.• On the other hand this meted out only a very rough justice to owners.• But the appetite for rough justice which the gun-toting sheriff satisfied does not easily go away.
—roughness noun [uncountableU]
→ rough diamond, rough paper, roughly
n COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 3: a rough period is one in which you have a lot of problems or difficulties
nouns
a rough day/week etc
He’s had a rough week at work.
a rough time
My children had a rough time because they were different from the rest.
a rough patch (=a difficult time that does not last long)
He was good at encouraging his team when it hit a rough patch.
a rough ride (=a time when you are criticized, opposed etc)
She was given a rough ride by the press.
Though the president pushed the bill through the House of Representatives, it faces a rough ride in the Senate.
rough going (=a difficult and unpleasant experience)
If there is a recession, next year will be very rough going.
 THESAURUS
rough having a surface that is not flat or smooth 〔表面〕粗糙的，不平的
rough ground
崎岖的地面
a rough mountain path
崎岖的山路
The walls were all rough.
墙面都毛糙不平。
Her hands were rough and work-hardened.
她的双手粗糙，且因干活而变得硬邦邦的。
uneven an uneven surface has areas that are not flat or not all at the same level 〔表面〕不平坦的
The floor was uneven.
地板不平。
She climbed the uneven steps with great care.
她小心翼翼爬上凹凸不平的台阶。
bumpy a bumpy road, path, or area of land has a lot of holes and raised parts in it 〔路面或地面〕高低不平的
the bumpy track down to the farm
通向农场的崎岖小道
The field was too bumpy to play football on.
这块场地不平，无法踢足球。
a bumpy journey (=on a road that has a very rough surface)
颠簸的旅程
coarse having a rough surface that feels slightly hard – used especially about materials such as cloth or wool 〔尤指布、羊毛等材料〕粗糙的
coarse woollen blankets
粗毛毯
coarse grass
粗草
nThe wool felt rather coarse.
rugged /ˈrʌɡəd/ land that is rugged is very rough and uneven and is often in a high place 〔地面〕不平的，崎岖的〔常指高地〕
the rugged terrain near the mountains
山区附近的崎岖地形
COLLOCATIONS CHECK
rough ground/sea/stone/skin
uneven surface/floor/pavement
bumpy road/field/journey
coarse cloth/wool/paper/grass
rugged terrain/mountain/landscape/coastline
Examples from the Corpus
rough• His hands were big and rough.• The stone scraped her legs, was rough against her hands.• It was a rough crossing and most of the passengers were seasick.• I've had a rough day.• It's just a rough draft, but I'd like you to read it and tell me what you think.• He fell, cutting his forehead on the rough edge of a rock.• Armagnac, rather like SuperBrat, is appealing because of its rough edges, its unpredictability.• I've got a rough estimate here of what it might cost.• I'd say that the whole thing would cost you around $1000, but that's just a rough estimate.• A rough gravel trail was the only way into town.• Prices shown are only a rough guideline.• It is rough, he says, very bad.• Hessian cloth provides a rough homespun texture that was popular in the 1950s.• A rough hut, breadfruit, bananas, no one to talk to.• Give us a rough idea of what you're trying to do.• She had a rough idea of where Harry lived, but she didn't know the exact street.• rough mountain paths• Most of the activities are routed through woodland and as some of the pathways can be rough outdoor footwear is recommended.• He gave us a rough outline of the course.• I have not been able to do more than suggest the rough outline of this approach.• Max grew up in a particularly rough part of Brooklyn.• The commonest are rough spar or aggregate finishes, and imitation brick and stonework; all can be painted if required.• Football's a rough sport.• Photographs show the rough surface of the moon.• We were having a rough time just trying to pay the printer.• Here you meet the Garburn Road, a rough trackway which crosses over the pass.• "What are you doing in here?'' shouted the farmer in a rough voice.• Fran was shaking her urgently, his voice rough with concern.
rough draft• One approach to the hypertext-to-text coherence problem is a labor-intensive one and treats the hypertext form as a rough draft.• Tanedo works individually with students, helping them brainstorm and write rough drafts.• She cobbled together a rough draft and then rewrote it, trying to remove the more ostentatious signs of plagiarism.• Let let me do the rough draft and then we can go.• He kept a journal now, one filled with assignments from Speech and Psychology and Math and various rough drafts for me.• Could it really be the first rough draft of a Euro-constitution?• For a while the conditions are so propitious that by spring break I have a rough draft of my book.
rough going• We were continually mending punctures ... It was really rough going on those jobs.• My own preference has always been for the rough-coated variety since these can withstand weather and rough going very much better.
be rough on somebody• These post-ideological times are rough on an avant-garde that always needed an orthodoxy against which to kick.• It was rough on Leeds but not on Harte, who deserved little better for his theatrical antics.• This is rough on the phone company, which still organizes the phone book by first names.
rough seas• A free country in a free world is always at risk from high winds and rough seas.• The equity department weathered not only rough seas but rejection as well.• Dawn revealed that the rough seas had once again snapped the hogging trusses which sagged pitifully on each side of the raft.• Sebastian Cermeno, went down in rough seas in 1595, along with at least seven sailors.• The latter on each occasion was either defeated by rough seas or spotted by enemy aircraft.• It took a bishop called Wilfred, who was driven on to the Sussex coast by rough seas, to make the breakthrough.• Holding on to the balcony as if we were in rough seas, we shout only to have our words whipped away.
rough2 noun  
1. the rough DSGuneven ground with long grass on an area where people play golf 〔高尔夫球场的〕长草区 OPP green →5 see picture at 见图 golf
2  take the rough with the smooth PROBLEMto accept the bad things in life as well as the good ones 既能享乐也能吃苦；好坏都能接受
Examples from the Corpus
take the rough with the smooth• I needed them as much as they needed me and I happily took the rough with the smooth.• You have to take the rough with the smooth.
3  [countableC]PICTUREDETAIL# a picture drawn very quickly, not showing all the details 草图，略图 SYN sketch
4  in rough British EnglishBrEDETAIL# if you write or draw something in rough, you do it without paying attention to details or tidiness, because you are going to do it again later 粗略地，大致地
5. a bit of rough British EnglishBrE informalSEX/HAVE SEX WITH someone from a lower social class than you, with whom you have a sexual relationship 〔社会地位比自己低的〕性伴侣
Examples from the Corpus
a bit of rough• At the moment it looks more like a bit of rough pasture ... full of dandelions and clover patches.
→ diamond in the rough
Examples from the Corpus
rough• friction caused by the roughness of the road surface• Particularly helpful is the ability to produce slick roughs, illustrating an idea or a copy line.• His tee shot ended up in the rough and from there he could only slash the ball 50 yards over the green.• Both are talented campaigners who are expert at mixing the rough and the smooth.• The roughs are weeded out until only the best remain.
rough3 verb  
1 rough it informalCOMFORTABLE# to live for a short time in conditions that are not very comfortable 〔短时期〕过艰苦的生活
Examples from the Corpus
rough it• It's backpacking, but with horses carrying the load and first-class meals, it's not roughing it.• She had had to rough it alone in digs since she was fifteen.• Since childhood, her idea of roughing it has been to check into an economy-class motel.• Artemis becomes a kind of girl scout roughing it in the woods.
2 rough something ↔ out phrasal verbphr v British EnglishBrE DETAIL#to draw or write something without including all the details 勾勒，画…的轮廓；草拟
Examples from the Corpus
rough out• For all the rough treatment meted out to houses in institutional use, many retain remarkably fine interiors.• The roughs are weeded out until only the best remain.
3.rough somebody ↔ up phrasal verbphr v informalHIT to attack someone and hurt them by hitting them 殴打，向…动粗
Examples from the Corpus
rough up• As soon as they left, the agents went after them and roughed them up.• If I did, do you think I would be sitting here letting you rough me up?• I hardly roughed him up at all.• They roughed you up because you talk funny?• If you think I've forgotten how to rough a man up, I can assure you I haven't.• Each day so far we'd driven into the left rough and finished up taking bogey-fives.• The separation is at its most apparent in the summer, when the males feed on rougher pastures higher up the mountain.
Examples from the Corpus
rough• The rest of the animals had been roughed off and turned away in a distant paddock.• Where they roughed out the areas they could cover, and possible sources of material.• On the next play, Cal was flagged for roughing the passer.• As soon as they left, the agents went after them and roughed them up.• Get Jim Bullinger past the first inning without getting too roughed up, and the Chicago Cubs pitcher is tough to beat.• By this time, Zigo had roughed up Flinn a bit, and she was afraid of him.• A television reporter was roughed up.
rough4 adverbadv  
1  sleep rough British EnglishBrESLEEP to sleep outside with nothing to protect you from the weather, especially because you have no home to live in 〔尤因无家可归〕露宿
Examples from the Corpus
sleep rough• Others are left to wander or sleep rough.• She lost precious belongings in her days of sleeping rough.• And he's often had to sleep rough.• Now it's in urgent need of blankets to lend to those forced to sleep rough.• Hundreds of homeless people have to sleep rough every night in London.• A chap who had slept rough for more than 20 years was invited to offer ideas on how it should be run.• How long he'd been sleeping rough no one could tell.• As a result we have seen a sharp fall in the numbers who sleep rough on our streets.• Many people in neighbouring buildings were also hurt as were a number of beggars sleeping rough on the pavement.• The number of teenagers sleeping rough on the streets is on the increase.• I was forced to sleep rough that night in a disused warehouse.
2. play rough VIOLENTto play in a fairly violent way 在比赛中动作粗野
Examples from the Corpus
play rough• And the Sabres were determined to play rough.
→ cut up rough at cut up(4)
Examples from the Corpus
rough• "Well, what are you waiting for? Get a move on!'' said the guard roughly.• A man on the subway grabbed her roughly, asking for money.• Write your experiment in rough then read it through carefully before finalizing it.• And even when the tires went flat or the road grew rough, we loved every minute of the journey.
From Longman Business Dictionary
roughrough /rʌf/ adjectiveadj
1a rough figure or amount is not exact
It is possible to give here only very rough figures.
I can only give you a rough estimate at this stage.
2not finished
a rough draft of the report
3a rough period, time etc is one in which you have a lot of problems or difficulties
It may have a rough time marketing the computers as consumer spending is declining.
The group’s general insurance business has had a rough ride (=a very difficult time) in the last couple of years.
Origin rough1
Old English ruh
rough1 adjectiveadj
→10-16

→n COLLOCATIONS1 →THESAURUS1rough2 nounrough3 verbrough4 adverbadv
LDOCE Online
Chinese
Corpus
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2422 COCA: 2627
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2422 COCA: 2627
rough adj.
⇨ rough 1 (rough ground/edges) ⇨ rough 2 (rough seas/weather) ⇨ coarse (rough skin) ⇨ difficult 2 (Life is rough.) ⇨ hoarse (a rough voice) ⇨ vague (a rough estimate/sketch) ⇨ violent (rough kids/treatment)rough2

adjective

 rough ground/edges 高低不平的地面；参差不齐的边缘rough seas/weather 波涛汹涌的海；狂风暴雨的天气  ➡ See also the entry for wet 2 另见wet条第2义rough ♦︎ violent ♦︎ stormy ♦︎ turbulent ♦︎ raging ♦︎ choppyThese words all describe weather or the sea when there is a strong wind or large waves. 这些词均表示风浪很大的、波涛汹涌的。SYNONYM SCALE 词义标尺 下图显示这些词所表达风浪大的程度
choppy➔rough➔violent
stormyraging
turbulent
PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a rough / violent / stormy / turbulent / raging / choppy sea◆rough / violent / stormy / turbulent / choppy conditions◆rough / stormy / turbulent / choppy waters◆rough / turbulent / choppy water◆rough / violent / stormy weather■ rough (of the sea) having large and dangerous waves; (of the weather, especially at sea) with strong winds and rain （海）波涛汹涌的；（天气，尤指海上天气）风浪很大的◆It was too rough to sail that night.那天夜里风浪太大，无法行船。◆There's no way he could have swum ashore in such rough weather.他在这样恶劣的天气无法游上岸。 OPP calm ⇨ quiet 1 ■ violent (of the weather or the sea) very dangerous, with very strong winds and/or very large waves （天气或海）非常危险的，狂风大作的，波涛汹涌的◆The islands were hit by a violent cyclone.这些岛屿受到猛烈的旋风袭击。◆Members of the lifeboat crew were presented with bravery awards for launching in violent seas.为表彰救生艇船员冒着惊涛骇浪出航救人，向他们颁发了英勇奖。■ stormy with strong winds and heavy rain or snow 有暴风雨（或暴风雪）的◆She visited me one dark and stormy night in November.在11月里一个漆黑的暴风雨之夜，她来看我。■ turbulent ˈtɜːbjələnt; NAmE ˈtɜːrbjələnt [usually before noun](of air or water) changing direction suddenly and violently （气流或水流）汹涌的，猛烈的，湍动的◆The aircraft is designed to withstand turbulent conditions.这架飞机是为经受猛烈的气流而设计的。■ raging ˈreɪdʒɪŋ [only before noun](of natural forces such as wind, water and fire) very powerful （风、水、火等自然力）极其强大的，猛烈的◆The stream had become a raging torrent.小河变成了一条汹涌的急流。◆The building was now a raging inferno (= the fire was out of control).这座大楼现在正烈焰熊熊。■ choppy (of the sea or water) with a lot of small waves （海面或水面）波浪起伏的，不平静的◆The choppy waters caused some of the boats to capsize.波浪起伏的水面造成一些船只倾覆。rough1

adjective

 rough ground/edges 高低不平的地面；参差不齐的边缘rough seas/weather 波涛汹涌的海；狂风暴雨的天气rough ♦︎ rocky ♦︎ rugged ♦︎ uneven ♦︎ bumpy ♦︎ lumpy ♦︎ ruttedThese words all describe a surface or edge that is not level, smooth or flat. 这些词均表示表面或边缘粗糙的、不平滑的、不平坦的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a rough / a rocky / an uneven / a bumpy surface◆a rough / an uneven / a bumpy / a rutted road◆rough / rocky / uneven / bumpy ground / terrain◆a rough / bumpy / rutted lane / track◆a rocky / rugged landscape / hill / mountain / peak / cliff / coast / coastline■ rough having a surface or edge that is not even or regular 粗糙的；不平滑的；高低不平的◆The car is designed for travelling over rough ground.这款车是专为在崎岖地面上行驶而设计的。◆Trim any rough edges with a sharp knife.用锋利的刀将参差不齐的边切齐。 OPP smooth ⇨ flat adj. ■ rocky made of rock; full of rocks 岩石的；多岩石的◆This plant grows in rocky soil on exposed hillsides.这种植物生长在无遮蔽山坡上多石的土壤中。■ rugged ˈrʌgɪd (of landscape) not level or smooth and having rocks rather than plants or trees, especially in a way that is beautiful or romantic （地形）崎岖的，凹凸不平的，多岩石的（尤指使人感觉美丽或浪漫）◆They admired the rugged beauty of the coastline.他们对海岸线上岩石密布的美景赞叹不已。■ uneven ʌnˈiːvn (of a surface) not level, smooth or flat （表面）凹凸不平的，不光滑的，不平坦的◆She picked her way along the uneven path.她小心翼翼地走在不平整的小路上。◆The floor felt uneven under his feet.他觉得脚下的地板高低不平。■ bumpy (of a surface) not even; with a lot of bumps （平面）不平的；多凸块的◆She felt quite sick from the long drive over the bumpy road.在颠簸的路上长时间行驶让她感到很不舒服。ⓘ Bumpy is used especially to describe a piece of ground that you drive or cycle over. * bumpy尤用于修饰驾车或骑车经过的地面。■ lumpy full of lumps; covered in lumps 多块状物的；为块状物覆盖的◆I lay sleepless on my lumpy mattress.躺在凸凹不平的床垫上我睡不着觉。ⓘ Lumpy is most frequently used to talk about mattresses (= that you lie on) and pillows (= that you rest your head on). * lumpy最常用于修饰床垫和枕头。■ rutted (of a road or path) with deep tracks that have been made by wheels （道路或小径）有车辙的◆The track was heavily rutted from the wheels of farm tractors.农用拖拉机的轮子在这条小路上碾出深深的车辙。
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2422 COCA: 2627

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