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IELTS BNC: 105 COCA: 108

back

Word family 
back1 /bæk/ ●●● S1 W1 adverbadv  
1  return to place 回原处RETURNRETURN in, into, or to the place or position where someone or something was before 回到原处
 I’ll be back in a minute.
我马上回来。
 Put that book back where you found it!
把那本书放回原处！
back in/to/into etc
 Rory plugged the cable back into the socket.
罗里把缆线插回插座。
 I feel like going back to bed.
我想回去睡觉。
go/get/head etc back
 We ought to try and get back before it gets dark.
我们应该尽量在天黑之前回去。
 He was back home by half past eleven.
他是11点半之前回家的。
 It’s possible to travel there and back in a day.
到那里一天来回是可以的。
n Grammar
You go back to a place:
We decided to go back to Athens.
I’m going back to school tomorrow.
You go back home:
It’s time to go back home.
✗Don’t say: go back to home
2  AS BEFOREPASTas before 和以前一样 in or into the condition or situation you were in before 恢复原状
 Gary woke at 4 am and couldn’t get back to sleep.
加里凌晨4点钟醒来后就再也睡不着了。
 It took me a long time to get my confidence back.
过了很久我才找回自信。
 If you decide to marry him, there will be no going back (=you will not be able to get back to your previous situation).
你要是决定嫁给他，就没有回头路可走了。
go/get back to (doing) something
 There’s no way I’m going back to being poor.
我无论如何都不会让自己再过穷日子。
 It’ll take a while for things to get back to normal.
要过一阵子才能恢复正常。
3  HOME TOWNTOWNprevious place 以前的地方 in or to a place where you lived or worked before 在以前的地方；回到以前的地方
back in/at
 She was the one who had fired him from his first job back in South Africa.
她就是以前在南非的时候炒他鱿鱼、使他失去第一份工作的人。
back home (=in the place that you come from and think of as your home) 以前在老家
 It reminded me of evenings back home.
这让我想起了以前晚上在老家的时候。
4  NOT FORWARDSBEHINDbackwards 向后面 in the opposite direction from the way you are facing 向后面；在后面 OPP forwards
 He glanced back at the house.
他回头看了一眼那房子。
 Kirov stepped back a pace.
基洛夫往后退了一步。
 She tilted her head back to look at him.
她仰起头来看着他。
5  REPLYANSWER/REPLYreply/reaction 回答/回应 if you do something back, you do it as a reply or reaction to what someone has said or done 回复，回应
6  return STH to SB 把某物还给某人 if you give something, get something etc back, you return it to the person who first had it, or you have it returned to you 归还；取回
7  THE PASTPASTin the past 在过去 in or towards a time in the past 以前，从前，过去；追溯至
8  AGAINagain 再次 once again 再次，又一次
9  sit/lie/lean back RELAXEDto sit or lie in a comfortable relaxed way 舒舒服服地坐/躺/倚着
Examples from the Corpus
sit/lie/lean back• Whatever some think, we don't sit back.• He must generate all his own internal discipline against the possible inclination to lie back and enjoy his good fortune.• We started to sit back because we were up on the No. 1 team in the nation.• He walked without hesitation to the very front row, sat down and lay back, gazing up at the screen.• Craig sighed and leaned back in his chair.• But no one can sit back in investment clubs and just listen.• Then she lay back on her pillow and they looked at each other as if it was for the first time.• He sat back on his heels, sorrowfully examining the ruined glove.• She heard him returning just as she sat back to admire her handiwork.
10  AWAY FROM somethingMOVE something OR somebodyaway 离开 away from a surface, person, or thing 离开〔某个表面、人或物〕
11  back and forth MOVE something OR somebodygoing in one direction and then in the opposite direction, and repeating this several times 来回地
Examples from the Corpus
back and forth• The chair squeaks when you rock back and forth.• They passed it back and forth.• This gives you the freedom to move back and forth and swing your arm - you must feel free!• To switch back and forth between the two documents, press Shift-F3.• My feet hurt, and the side window waggled back and forth each time I kicked it, but nothing else happened.• A few of the mounts shifted their feet; here and there a rider slid his sword back and forth in its scabbard.• It goes back and forth though.• Petey heard him trying to brave it out, rocking back and forth to make the pain subside.• The road twisted, two lanes of blacktop angling back and forth up the side of the mountain.• Brach flies back and forth weekly, between New York and L.A.
12  BOOKTOWARDStowards beginning 往开始的地方 towards the beginning of a book, film, or computer document etc 往前，往回
Examples from the Corpus
back• If a starfish loses a leg, it grows back.• If Jamie rings, tell him I'll call him back.• That's mine! Give it back!• Gradually, the children came trickling back.• It took me a year and a half to come back.• I left a message, but I haven't heard anything back.• Then she turns on her heel, comes back, and demands to know why N J stood her up.• He stepped back and fell.• Michelle looked back at him over her shoulder and smiled.• I was making $15 an hour back at the hospital.• Some time during the afternoon they decided not to go back but to stay overnight.• Play the tape back for me, okay?• Carol yelled back, "If it's so easy, you come and have a go!''• He'd tried to study it back in the Store.• I should be back in time for dinner.• Can you call me back later?• I lay back like a king lion and let her romp.• He was too wet and cold to think about going back out into the rain.• He looked back over his shoulder.• She left home in 1995 and hasn't been back since.• It helps when I have the option to go back to defense.• I stepped back to let them pass.• I woke up at 4 a.m. and couldn't get back to sleep.• It was a beautiful day, so I decided to walk back to the office.• It's time I got back to work.• I'll have to get back to you on that.• Do you think Ron and his wife will get back together?• I'll check back with you sometime next week.
there and back• "How far is it to Milwaukee?" "It's about 30 miles there and back."• How long will it take to drive there and back?• It only takes four hours, there and back.• About eighty miles up there and back?• Besides, she would not be alone - only on the journey there and back.• I ran all the way there and back.• It took me no more than five minutes there and back.• In six months, could both passages, there and back, be effected?• To climb up to it takes time nine or ten hours to get there and back - but no special skill or nerve.• Air transport there and back guaranteed: same day.• What they called married back there and back then.
go/get back to (doing) something• He wouldn't go back to bed.• Then Leo went back to Harvard.• He went back to his room and closed the door.• The company has had to go back to its pre-poll tax database, known as the Historic Voters Roll.• All they seemed interested in was guzzling platefuls of sausages and going back to the counter for more.• I can't get back to the garret until tomorrow.• No, don't go back to the house, Jane, on such a lovely night.
back home• A fantasy, but a lovely one, and one that she would miss when she went back home.• He's glad to be back home.• He would tell Odysseus how to get back home.• The Plot Every day, Johnny took his three goats to pasture and then back home.• She had graduated from a Lutheran Bible college back home, and at one time she had seriously considered becoming a nun.• I was hoping there was, cos it's about time I got back home - it's getting pretty late.• He was back home, showered, changed and in bed by eleven forty-five.• They are moving back home to Arizona, back home to Oregon, back home to Tennessee.
a while back• But I think you were right, a while back.• He did mention it a while back.• I should have transferred to pastoral a while back.• Worse than that, in a way, was the butter one a while back.• You were icy a while back.
Related topics: Human, Furniture, Newspapers, printing, publishing, Sport
back2 ●●● S1 W1 noun [countableC]  
1  BODYpart of your body 身体部位
2  PARTBACK OF somethingnot at front 不在前面 [usually singular] the part of something that is furthest from the front 后面，后部 OPP front
3  SURFACEBACK OF somethingless important side 较为不重要的一面 [usually singular] the less important side or surface of something such as a piece of paper or card 〔纸或纸牌等的〕背面，反面 OPP front
4  CHAIRDHFBACK OF somethingpart of seat 座椅的一部分 the part of a seat that you lean against when you are sitting 椅背，靠背
5  BOOK/NEWSPAPERTCNBACK OF somethingbook/newspaper 书/报纸 [usually singular] the last pages of a book or newspaper 〔书报的〕末尾 OPP front
6  at/in the back of your mind THINK ABOUTa thought that is at the back of your mind is one you try to ignore because you do not want it to be true 在内心里〔指不希望某个想法是真实的〕
Examples from the Corpus
at/in the back of your mind• There was always a slight feeling of fear at the back of his mind.• I was hurt that she'd left, but I guess at the back of my mind I always knew she would.
7  back to back 
Examples from the Corpus
back to back• Two rows of chairs were arranged back to back.• Two sofas placed back to back in the centre of a space can often define the divisions of space very well.• We did three performances back to back that day.• His first interview recently was at 8 a. m. and his appointments were scheduled back to back until midnight.• His life is an endless stream of interviews and news conferences, often back to back.• Orlando and Vancouver, back to back.• The other three will be placed back to back with them inside.• The three nomes stood back to back.• They were astride a single horse, tied back to back, being led along a skyline by the sheriff's posse.• This idea works well using such designs as L-shapes, placed back to back to resemble book ends.
8  back to front British EnglishBrE
Examples from the Corpus
back to front• Dan appeared in jeans, wearing his cap backward as usual.• The crowd was crammed shoulder to shoulder and back to front on the shrinking piece of roadway.• It was all wrong and back to front, but no one could say the old baggage lacked for courage.• But supposing X-rays were normally displayed back to front or the way one looked at the person?• I had an arrow right through my body from back to front somewhere in the region of my lower ribs.• Row 1: Bring needle from back to front of work through the stitch below the first stitch to be worked.• They're boys' hips, girls' hips, front to front, back to front.• You've got your sweater on back to front.• And can you fool them, by planting them back to front?• Papers are missing from each and the sheets inside have been turned back to front, and at angles.
9  behind somebody’s back SECRETif you do something behind someone’s back, you do it without them knowing 在某人背后，背地里
Examples from the Corpus
behind somebody’s back• I'm not happy about you going behind my back like that. You should have told me.• People laughed at him behind his back.• He agrees with his boss to his face, but then criticizes him behind his back.• I'm sure the other girls are talking about me behind my back.• I thought you were my friend. Now I find you've been talking about me behind my back.• His name is Mr McLeod, but his students call him "Big Nose'' behind his back.• Do you think people are talking about you behind your back?
10  when/while somebody’s back is turned if something happens when your back is turned, it happens when you are not able to see or know what someone is doing 在某人转身的时候〔指在看不见或不知道的时候〕
Examples from the Corpus
when/while somebody’s back is turned• Once, despite the age requirement, my sister charms her way on to this ride while my back is turned.
11  get/put somebody’s back up British EnglishBrE informalANNOY to annoy someone 使某人生气，使某人产生反感，惹怒某人
Examples from the Corpus
get/put somebody’s back up• At Eagle Butte I stopped and got a clamp, got the pipe back up there some way.• She'd even got Bert's back up proper, over his betting and poor old Floss.• He treats everyone like children, and that's why he puts people's backs up.• Simon naturally put people's backs up.• It really gets my back up when salesmen call round to the house.• You got to get back up.• He had been around the scene for long enough to know how to manipulate meetings without getting everyone's back up.• If you get his/her back up, even if you're right, you're dead!
12  get (somebody) off somebody’s back spokenANNOY to stop annoying someone with a lot of questions, criticisms etc, or to make someone stop annoying you in this way （使某人）不烦扰某人
Examples from the Corpus
get off my back• Why don't you guys get off my back?• I'll do it in a minute. Just get off my back!• For the love of Mike, Candy, will you please get off my back about Adam Burns?
13  be on somebody’s back spokenFORCE somebody TO DO something to be trying to make someone do something they do not want to do 逼某人做，硬要某人做
Examples from the Corpus
be on somebody’s back• Aunt Mimi was always on his back about him "wasting time playing that silly guitar".• Nick knew that the coach would be on his back if he missed another training session.• He must be on his way back by now.• His father was on his back night and day.• By this time the Confederates had formed into columns and were on the march back to Corinth, Mississippi.• Seeing that stately building on a hill and knowing the respirator center was on the back with the water view heartened me.• The boss has been on my back about that report.• Their other project, meanwhile, is on the back burner.• The afternoon papers are on the back seat and he reads them until the limousine stops in front of a funeral home.• Her eyes opened; she was on her back.• Instead of automated leisure, enforced unemployment was on its way back.
14  on the back of something as a result of something that already exists or something you have already done 由于某事物〔指已存在的某物或已做成的某事〕
Examples from the Corpus
on the back of something• It was strange to see his bag on the back of another caddie.• I feel moist breath on the back of my neck, and fingers touch my arm.• Captions Never write directly on the back of a photograph.• Mr Gregson took me home, jolting on the back of the wagon.• Somebody runs out of the crowd and hits Mowat on the back of the neck.• Clubs also look set to be given the option of having players' names on the back of their shirts.• Jack said, and he slapped Streeter on the back of the head with his gun hand.
15  on the backs of somebody using the work of a particular group to achieve something that they will not get any advantage from 依靠某人〔指依靠从中得不到好处的某一群体〕
Examples from the Corpus
on the backs of somebody• It is clearly unfair that so much tax in the Third World falls on the backs of those least able to pay.• For a while she stood next to the coal stove and warmed her hands on the backs of her legs.• The wood for the hedge arrived not on the backs of the hedge-builders but in the boot of their Ford Cortina.• Print your music on candy wrappers or on the backs of daguerreotypes.• He ignores the kids whose feet are propped on the backs of chairs.• In toads, for instance, the males sit on the backs of females for a few days before the female lays her eggs.• Palm trees sway on the backs of countless cotton shirts.• John Betjeman scribbled verses on the backs of envelopes and read them aloud in his car.
16. FOOTBALL ETCDSsports 体育运动 a defending player in a sports team 后卫 SYN defender
17  the back of beyond FAR informal a place that is a long way from other places and is difficult to get to 遥远偏僻的地方
Examples from the Corpus
the back of beyond• His early comedies might have been taken to represent an unheard-of civility from the back of beyond.• Whatever anyone says about muggings and suchlike up here, there'd be no one about at all in the back of beyond.• Larky jaunts to the back of beyond returned to fashion with the 1980s boom in travel writing.
18  be (flat) on your back 
Examples from the Corpus
be (flat) on your back• He's been flat on his back in the hospital for a week.• His father was on his back night and day.• The sun was on his back as he swung himself over her and her long legs parted in expectation.• What else would he need if he were going to be flat on his back or stomach?• The child was on her back, unconscious.• The jelly cupboard was on its back, its contents lying in a heap in the corner of the bottom shelf.• After I was on its back, we all took off again on a run.• The result is that the liter pop bottle you tossed out six months ago may be on your back today.• Her eyes opened; she was on her back.
19  put your back into it informalWORK HARD to work extremely hard at something 全力以赴，拼命
Examples from the Corpus
put your back into it• Come on, John. Stop messing around and put your back into it!• I really put my back into it, you know?
20  be glad/delighted/pleased etc to see the back of somebody/something to be happy that someone is leaving or because you no longer have to deal with something 很高兴看到某人离开/某事结束
21. have your back to/against the wall informalDIFFICULT to be in a difficult situation with no choice about what to do 陷入绝境，被逼得走投无路
22  at your back 
Examples from the Corpus
at your back• She wants a phalanx of allies at her back before she climbs those stairs again.• Caesar marched into Rome with an army at his back.• The pub blazed at my back as I walked off.• She could tell this by looking at his back as he stood at the bar ordering more drinks.• When Schmidt tapped the chauffeur's arm, the man pressed a button that raised a glass panel at his back.• Run into the wind so it's at your back as you return.• She stared at his back view in exasperation.• Staring at his back, she tried to conjure up the image of him lover-like, tender, and failed.• I hear the whip at his back compelling him to shed his will, to stay in line.• He felt the wide gaze of the french windows at his back and the awareness put his timing out.
23. on your back informal not polite if someone achieves something on their back, they achieve it by having sex with someone 在床上搞定〔指通过与别人发生性关系而达到目的〕
Examples from the Corpus
on your back• He took Deianira on his back and in midstream insulted her.• For a lew moments I lay spread-eagled on my back, unable to change position.• Thousands of people have been practicing step aerobics, but over-enthusiasm could leave them flat on their backs.• It appears to be a board-room decision and not his so let's not get on his back too quick.• She lay on her back and laughed at the sky.• Forget Michelangelo, lying on his back high above the Sistine Chapel floor to paint his famous frescoes.• He lay grinning up at me on the water, spreadeagled on his back with his arms splayed.
24  high-backed/straight-backed/low-backed etc DHFBACK OF somethingwith a high, straight, low etc back 高背的/直背的/低背的等
→ know something like the back of your hand at know1(3), → turn your back on somebody/something at turn1(7)
Examples from the Corpus
back• And lately, our defensive backs have responded with interceptions.• She had her hands tied behind her back.• The cat wanted her back rubbed.• Megan has some trouble with her back.• The autopsy report said Woldemariam was shot twice in the back.• Cashmere sports jackets hung on the back of their chairs, insurance against an encounter with air-conditioning.• What's written on the back?• The Leader and the thin man were seated on a pile of saddles and saddle-bags with their backs against the wall.• Martha came forward to help, and Miss Mary looked carefully at Colin's thin white back, up and down.
round/out the back• Anna did not go to the front door but round the back.• I moved through the kitchen, peering out the back door before I exited.• In the front door, with their nasty trunks probing into everything, and I shoo them out the back.• Mariana mimed a lean-to round the back.• The outbuilding used as a mortuary was round the back.• He went round the back of the house and inspected the incinerator, now full of partly glowing but mainly black ashes.• Fogarty finished his double rye and Jack swigged the last of his coffee royal, and they went out the back door.
in the back (of)• Michael kicked him in the back, the force of the blow sending Tommy across the dirt-strewn floor.• They argued, and Jimmy was slugged in the stomach, pushed to the ground and kicked in the back.• He puts me in the back seat with my coat over my knees.• You can get shot in the back.• Hector sits in the back seat of the front row, nearest the door.• He was shot twice in the back of the head while sitting in a cafe.• As he spoke a cab appeared, a grimy little robot jitney with the other Twin in the back.• They give a proud tour of the five-bedroom country home set way in the back of a gated development.
Related topics: Music, Gambling
back3 ●●● S2 W3 verb  
1  SUPPORTsupport 支持 [transitiveT]SUPPORT A PERSON, GROUP, OR PLAN
2  MOVE somebodymove backwards 向后移动 [intransitiveI always + adverbadv/prepositionprep, transitiveT]BACK/BACKWARDS to move backwards, or make someone or something move backwards （使）后退
3  BACK SURFACEput STH on the back 加背衬 [transitiveT]CSPUT to put a material or substance onto the back of something, in order to protect it or make it stronger 给…加背衬
4  BE BEHINDbe behind STH 在某物后面 [transitiveT]BACK OF something to be at the back of something or behind it 在…的后面
5  MUSICmusic 音乐 [transitiveT]APM to play or sing the music that supports the main singer or musician 伴奏；伴唱
6. HORSE/DOG RACErisk money 下注 [transitiveT]DGG to risk money on whether a particular horse, dog, team etc wins something 下赌注于
7. back the wrong horse SUPPORT A PERSON, GROUP, OR PLANto support someone or something that is not successful 下错赌注，支持了输家
 PHRASAL VERBS
Examples from the Corpus
back• We backed a horse named Travelling Light that finished first at 10-1.• Uncle Barry backed Arsenal to win the FA Cup.• The stage was backed by a light blue curtain.• There is no known cure but the illness can be treated - by medication backed by practical and caring support.• The three tenors were backed by the Boston Philharmonic Orchestra.• The plans for a new shopping mall are backed by the city council.• The crime bill is backed by the Democrats.• In the end Krushchev backed down and everyone breathed a sigh of relief.• Which team did you back for the Super Bowl?• I wouldn't park there -- it's going to be very difficult to back out again.• I backed the car into the garage and walked round to the front door of the boarding house.• Several major insurance companies have agreed to back the healthcare reforms.• Morris carefully backed the truck into the shed.
back something into/towards/out of etc something• A pickup truck backs slowly out of a space and taps the bumper of a nearby minivan.• Angelita, announcing that she will be right back, walks out of the room.• He backed slowly out of the room, which had become hers.• She nods her head, steps back a step out of the way of him spreading toward her white shoes.• Then, without waiting for yes, no, or another bout of silence, he backed quickly out of the library.• They remained aloof from the front row out of disdain and from the back row out of a sense of responsibility.• You can back yourself out of the room that way.
Related topics: Linguistics
back4 ●●● S2 W3 adjectiveadj [only before noun]  
1  BACK OF somethingat or in the back of something 后面的，后部的 OPP front
2  BEHINDbehind something, especially a building 在〔建筑物〕后面的 OPP front
3  BACK OF somethingfrom the back 从后面的
4  back street/lane/road etc TTRROAD/PATHa street etc that is away from the main streets 偏僻的街道/小巷/马路等
Examples from the Corpus
back street/lane/road etc• Now they left the main road for the quieter, dimmer back streets.• People always honk at me for that so I try to take the back roads.• A far better alternative was to walk the back roads and country lanes.• That afternoon I drove nonstop over the back roads of Ames and Bern townships.• And this was how many such agents lived, in rooms in the back streets of cities.• I have found one must speak slowly to people who live in the back streets of London.• Iain and Tommy drank together on the back streets of Pinner.• The back lane, roughly on the line of the original through road, is exactly that.
5. back rent/taxes/pay etc MONEYmoney that someone owes from an earlier date 拖欠的租金/税款/薪水等
Examples from the Corpus
back rent/taxes/pay etc• A former landlord said she was still owed several thousand dollars in back rent.• He owes $ 10,000 in back taxes.• I needed a release from the tax office showing that I owed no back taxes.• Look, she said, he's left, bolted, owing three months' back rent.• Next: What to do when you can not afford to pay back taxes.• Homar sued for reinstatement of his job, back pay and money damages.• The Internal Revenue Service has been battling him for years for back taxes and penalties related to one venture.• Dave Escott bought at the height of the boom, and any back rent will only add to his negative equity.
6. back issue/copy/number TCNa copy of a magazine or newspaper from an earlier date 过期的报刊
Examples from the Corpus
back issue/copy/number• A little later Bacon appeared, walked up to their table and asked Minton why he did not look after his back numbers.• Anyway, I thought you ought to know you have your reader back, and I enclose £4 for 4 back issues.• Six issues cost $ 39, and new and back issues are available.• My parents collected all their copies of Wimpey News and we have back numbers going back to the 1940s.• Mackey had seen handbooks on guerrilla tactics, back issues of a racist magazine Guy published.• Lifelong readers who kept the back issues piled in their attics renewed their subscriptions like clockwork at the five-year rate.
7. SL technical a back vowel sound is made by lifting your tongue at the back of your mouth 〔元音〕舌后的，舌根的
Examples from the Corpus
back• It allows the vehicle to manoeuvre without tearing itself apart on the back axle.• Capshaw sent him out the back door to avoid whoever it was keeping guard in the front.• The burglars broke into the house through the back door.• Yet it will soak up heavy bumps that would otherwise bounce the back end off the ground.• They waited by the back entrance.• The car was later found parked on a back parking lot of the complex.• You can put your suitcase on the back seat of the car.• The kids should sit in the back seat.• a back view• the back wall of the factory• I took the back way out of town.
From Longman Business Dictionary
backback /bæk/ verb [transitiveT]
1to support someone or something, especially by giving money or using your influence
The board backed Mr Standley, who plans to cut costs.
Shareholders have backed a plan to build a second plant.
2FINANCE if SECURITIES are backed by particular assets, they are supported by income from them
This new generation of securities is backed by aircraft leases, royalty streams from films, student loans and auto loans.
→ see also asset-backed security under security
→ back something → up
Origin back2
Old English bæc
back1 adverbadv →n GRAMMAR1back2 noun
→10-24

back3 verb →n GRAMMAR1 →n GRAMMAR2
→n GRAMMAR3 →n GRAMMAR4 →PHRASAL VERBS1back4 adjectiveadj
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