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Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
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so

Word family

so1 /səʊ $ soʊ/ S1 W1 adverbadv → sew, sow

1 VERY

a) [+adj/adverbadv] used to emphasize how great a feeling or quality is, or how large an amount is 这么，如此〔用于形容情感或品质的程度，或者形容数量之大〕

It was so embarrassing!

多么尴尬！

Why didn’t you call? We were so worried.

你为什么不打个电话？我们非常担心。

I love her so much.

我那么爱她。

ever so British EnglishBrE

They’re being ever so quiet.

他们非常安静。

b) [+adj/adverbadv] as great, nice, many etc as this 如此，这么

Why are you being so horrible to me?

你干吗对我这么凶？

I’ve never seen so many people here before!

我以前从未见过这里有这么多人！

How had they achieved it in so short a time?

在这么短的时间里他们是怎么做到的？

c) [+adj/adverbadv] used when emphasizing the degree or amount of something by saying what the result is 这么，如此〔用导致的结果来强调程度之深或数量之大〕

so ... (that)

He was so weak that he could hardly stand up.

他身体虚弱得几乎站不起来了。

There was so much smoke that they couldn’t see across the hallway.

烟雾浓得他们连门厅的对面都看不到。

Everything happened so quickly I hadn’t time to think.

一切都发生得这么快，我都来不及去思考。

so ... as to be

The particles are so small as to be almost invisible.

这些微粒小得几乎看不见。

d) spoken old-fashioned used before or after a verb to emphasize that someone does something a lot or to a great degree 这么，如此〔用于动词之前或之后以强调程度〕

I wish you wouldn’t fuss so (=as much as you do). It makes me nervous.

我希望你别那么大惊小怪，弄得我很紧张。

He does so enjoy reading your letters.

他真的非常喜欢读你的信。

e) spoken informal used before a noun phrase to emphasize what you are saying – used especially by young people 完全，绝对〔用于名词短语前强调所说内容；尤为年轻人使用〕

He is just so not the right person for her.

他根本就不是适合她的那种人。

In written English, people often prefer to use extremely rather than so to emphasize an adjective or adverb, because it sounds more formal: 在书面英语中,人们更喜欢用 extremely 强调形容词或副词,而不用 so ,因为前者听上去更加正式

These schools are extremely difficult to get into.

这些学校非常难进。

5 GRAMMAR 语法

Do not use so before an adjective and noun. Instead, it is usual to use such . Put such before ‘a’ if the noun is singular. 形容词加名词的结构之前不用 so ,一般用 such 。如名词为单数,则把 such 放在 a 之前

Such a big increase (NOT 不说 A so big increase) in tax would be very damaging.

这么大幅度的增税会带来非常坏的影响。

In formal English, so and an adjective can be used before ‘a’ and a noun. 在正式英语中, so 加形容词可以用于 a 加名词之前

a world in which such terrible things could not happen

不应该发生如此恶劣之事的世界

He had never spoken to so large a crowd before.

他从来没有在这么多的听众面前讲过话。

n Grammar

You use such (a) before an adjective and noun:

There is not such a big difference.

How can such awful things happen?

Don’t use ‘so’ before an adjective and noun.

Don’t say: a so big difference | so awful things

2 not so big/good/bad etc not very big, good etc 不是非常大/好/糟等

Examples from the Corpus

not so big/good/bad etc• But so happen, one little boy not so good.• Compared to how I feel, how I look is not so bad.• She began to think that perhaps village life was not so bad.• Some years it was bad, other years not so bad.• When he was hot, he was hot, but for me the whole thing was not so good.• My tongue not so good anyway.• It is not so good at knowing how to do it.• But it's not so bad down here.

3 AND/ALSO[not used with negative verbs] used to add that what has just been said is also true about someone or something else 也，同样〔用于表示刚说过的情况也适用于某人或某物〕

4 REPEATused to refer back to an idea, action, quality, situation etc that has just been mentioned 如此，如是〔指代刚提到过的想法、行动、品质、情况等〕

5 be so TRUEto be true or correct 是真实的，是这样的，是对的

Examples from the Corpus

Is that so• You stated earlier that you saw the defendant on May 31. Is that so?• The more that companies support athletes, the less sportsmen will have to rely on the state. Is that so bad?

6 ... or so used when you cannot be exact about a number, amount, or period of time and you think it may be a little more than the figure you are mentioning 左右，…上下

7 spokenATTENTION used to get someone’s attention, especially in order to ask them a question 噢，那么〔尤用于在提问前引起别人的注意〕

8 spokenUNDERSTAND used to check that you have understood something 这么说〔用于核实自己的理解是否正确〕

9 ASK A QUESTION spoken used when asking a question about what has just been said 那么〔用于对刚说过的话提出问题〕

10 be not so much ... as ... used to say that one description of someone or something is less suitable or correct than another 与其说是…不如说是…

11 not/without so much as something used when you are surprised or annoyed that someone did not do something 甚至连…都没有，甚至不…〔用于对某人没做某事表示吃惊或气愤〕

Examples from the Corpus

not/without so much as something• I, who had traveled all that long day on that train without so much as a cheese in my pocket?• He had never had a day of sickness, not so much as a cold.• That he had dumped her without a word, without so much as a goodbye.• How could we have put their bag into ours without so much as a single check?• It is a matter of tone, not so much as content.• So far in Rajasthan, I had not so much as nodded to another female.• We got our six appearances, and not so much as one drop-by or mix-and-mingle extra.• When they go straight to bed without so much as ordering a toasted sandwich or spending money at the bar.

12. so long! American EnglishAmE spokenGOODBYE used to say goodbye 再见！

13 not so ... as ... NOT formal used in comparisons to say that something or someone has less of a particular quality than another person or thing 不如…这么…，不像…那样…

14 so much for somebody/something spoken used to say that a particular action, idea, statement etc was not useful or did not produce the result that was hoped for 原来某人/某物不过如此

Examples from the Corpus

so much for somebody/something• Thank you so much for coming.• So much for getting up early every morning.• We take the railways so much for granted.• I can't get it off the pan - so much for it being nonstick.• The boys have been lovely and Kenneth has done so much for me.• Together with the right kind of support we could have fun together and achieve so much for ourselves and our diocese.• The method she resorted to was novel, not so much for the times but for her.• That diagnosis is not so much for therapeutic reasons as for administrative and management purposes.• Thank you so much for your encouragement in the past.

15 only so many/much used to say that there is only a limited quantity of something 只有这么多

Examples from the Corpus

only so many/much• It told him it was grass, and grass could hide only so much.• A human being can undergo only so many changes and take in only so many experiences.• I think there was only so much fun to go round, only so much and no more available.• The greens were rougher then, and there was only so much good putting you could do on them.• The truth is there is only so much preparation you can do.• There's only so much you can cling to - your credibility, your belief in small cottage industries - whatever.• There's only so much you can do with hair this fine.

16 AMOUNT spoken used with a movement of your hand to show how big, high etc something or someone is 这么，这样〔用于配合手势表示有多大、多高等〕

17 FIND OUT spoken used to show that you have found something out about someone 哟，哦〔用于表示发现了某人的某事〕

18 like so spoken used when you are showing someone how to do something 像这样〔用于教某人怎么做某事〕

Examples from the Corpus

like so• Then turn the paper over and fold it, like so.

19 and so on/forth used at the end of a list to show that you could continue it in a similar way 及诸如此类，等等

Examples from the Corpus

and so on/forth• A central zone leads to other areas where you can test yourself, gain information, do puzzles and so on.• Asteroids contain a variety of rare radioactive isotopes of potassium, uranium, thorium, rubidium, and so on.• I also become more mentally sensitive to social problems, the ills of the world and so on.• Symbols are things that bear some resemblance to what they represent: drawings, silhouettes, and so forth.• And so on and so on, the critiques having merit but missing the point.• It would have to be done very quietly and so forth and so on.

20 literary or formal in the way that is described 这样，如此

21 and so SO/CONSEQUENTLYand therefore 因此，所以

Examples from the Corpus

and so• This helps develop expertise, resources, and competition in the private sector and so facilitates the development of commercial services.• Then it started on Cumbrian limestone, blossomed to Lakeland quarries and so, finally, to Raven Crag.• Please would we list our safety equipment, the radio, the distress beacon, and so forth?• We were supplied quite often with water, C rations, and so forth.• The coats of many puppies may be less profuse than that of adults, and so grooming will be more straight forward.• Jack is down and so is Fogarty, so put on your kicking shoes, folks.• So it was in Karachi last week and so it was at Lord's last summer.• Streptomycin is more stable than penicillin and so it was easier to isolate and manufacture.

22 so she is/so there are etc British EnglishBrE spokenAGREE used to show that you agree with something that has just been mentioned, especially something that you had not noticed or had forgotten 她果真/果然等〔用于表示同意刚提到的事，尤其是你未注意到的或忘掉的事〕

23 be just/exactly so TIDYto be arranged tidily, with everything in the right place 安排妥贴，整理得井井有条

Examples from the Corpus

be just/exactly so• Everything has to be just so at Maxine's dinner parties.• Flashman is just so bitter - he's blaming us, but we just wanted our money above aboard.• I was just so furious that I swept out in high dudgeon.• There were just so many animals around.• Now, nations are just so many men like these.• If it was a microcap fund it would be different because there are just so many microcap stocks you can buy.• But this turned out to be just so much more Super Bowl hype.• I was just so pumped up to do good.• I went downstairs, I was just so struck by musicians and live music.

24 so be it spoken used to show you do not like or agree with something, but you will accept it 就那样吧，只好如此〔用于表示勉强同意某事〕

Examples from the Corpus

so be it• If we have to break the rules, then so be it.• If he was to be a martyr to this strange woman's caprices, then so be it.• If I must sacrifice a few moments in the interests of subsequent peace and quiet, so be it.• If something happens, so be it.• If they continue to win, so be it.• If they were misunderstood, so be it.• If this makes me a churchgoer, then so be it.• If so was it as bad as it sounded on the radio?• Just as educational opportunity is differentiated on the basis of socio-economic background, so is it on the basis of gender.

25 spoken

26 I do so/it is so etc American EnglishAmE spokenDISAGREE used especially by children to say that something is true, can be done etc when someone else says that it is not, cannot etc 我会的/它是真的等〔尤为小孩用于否定别人的陈述〕

27 spoken used to introduce the next part of a story you are telling someone 就这样〔用于引出下文〕

n28. → so?

→ so-so, → even so at even1(4), → so far at far1(7), → so far as I’m concerned at far1(14), → so far as something is concerned at far1(15), → so far as I know/I can remember/I can tell etc at far1(16), → as/so long as at long2(5), → so much the better at better3(4), → so to speak at speak(6)

Examples from the Corpus

so• What's so bad about getting a B in math?• How had it gotten so black out?• But you were not always so committed to this constitutional process.• That puppy is so cute!• It all happened so fast.• The drizzle was so fine that it amounted to fog and he had to drive slowly.• Something about his smarmy attitude makes me want to shake him so hard his collarbone breaks.• I start out slowly so I can take everything in.• If you have not sent in your payment yet, please do so immediately.• Not so, it was suggested.• You've been so kind. I hope I can repay you some day.• So, Lisa, how's the new job going?• It's too bad that so many kids come from broken homes these days.• With so many organizational changes, it is understandable that they are having problems.• Thank you so much!• Orange is just so not the right color for Kari.• The dresses were lovely, and the colours were so pretty.• I felt so sick yesterday.• Oh, he must be about so tall.• Dave felt comfortable at Mandy's, even more so than in his own home.• So this one's the original, and this one's the copy, right?• Finally, there is the secrecy and confidentiality which is so typical of public bureaucracies.• I never knew Rob could sing so well.

so not• Thus we might expect the instrument not to be sufficiently sensitive for these conditions and so not for a growth room.• When he seized power in 1483 he did so not from outside the prevailing political structure but from its heart.• I was searching for birdies and eagles with Azinger going great guns, so not getting there was no good to me.• The money has already been agreed on, so not much room for controversy there.• The election was not settled until close to the inauguration, so not much time was available to plan the festivities.• She walks out so not, not the safest thing to do.• They do so not out of wounded vanity but because the scientific formulation has destroyed accustomed reinforcers.

So they say• Later and later and later. So they say.

so?

(also so what?) spoken not polite used to tell someone that something does not matter 那又怎样？

So what if we’re a little late?

我们迟到一会儿那又怎样？

‘She might tell someone.’ ‘So? No one will believe her.’

“她可能会告诉什么人。”“那又怎样？没人会相信她。”

so2 S1 W3 conjunction

1 REASONused to say that someone does something because of the reason just stated 因此，所以

2 so (that)

Examples from the Corpus

so (that)• The ropes got twisted, so I couldn't climb down again.• Prune the tree at a young age so that it will have a strong central trunk.• She's studying English at night school so that she can go to university.• Steps must be taken so that this kind of disaster never happens again.• We've planned a variety of activities, so there'll be something for everyone.• I'll move my car so you can get into the garage.

3 so as to do something formal in order to do something 为了做某事，以便做某事

Examples from the Corpus

so as not to• I moved slowly forward so as not to antagonize the two pendulums.• The tribal drumming sessions have been toned down too, so as not to bother neighboring homeowners.• Partly this is so as not to contrast too blatantly with the speech patterns of your characters.• One went on tiptoe so as not to disturb the hush.• It could have been Jamie, padding softly around his flat so as not to disturb the neighbours.• The boats are lowered away and so as not to frighten the whale the crewmen paddle instead of rowing.• I carefully examined every photograph in minute detail through a magnifying glass so as not to miss a thing.• She had left her curtains undrawn so as not to sleep too long in the morning.

4 (just) as ..., so ...so ... (just) as ... formal used to compare two people or things, when they are similar 正如…，…也一样

Examples from the Corpus

so• So anyway, we decided to go to the mall.• I got hungry, so I made a sandwich.

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