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IELTS BNC: 4420 COCA: 4976

bureaucracy

Word family 
Related topics: Government
bu·reauc·ra·cy /bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi $ bjʊˈrɑː-/ ●○○ noun (plural bureaucracies)  
1  [uncountableU]PGCOMPLICATED a complicated official system that is annoying or confusing because it has a lot of rules, processes etc 官僚制度；官僚作风；官僚主义 → red tape
 the reduction of unnecessary bureaucracy
消除不必要的官僚体制
2. [countableC, uncountableU]PG the officials who are employed rather than elected to do the work of a government, business etc 官僚〔指政府、企业等中雇用而非选举产生的官员的总称〕
Examples from the Corpus
bureaucracy• In fact, without evolutionary and learning pressures, the society of mind in a brain would turn into a bureaucracy.• He disliked committee procedures and bureaucracy.• The Bill perpetuates all the anomalies, unfairness, regional variations and bureaucracy that made the poll tax unpopular.• The EU bureaucracy in Brussels has grown in size and authority.• The company's huge bureaucracy limits creativity and independent thinking.• The organization is made up of 346,000 lawyers, you see, and there is bureaucracy on top of bureaucracy.• We need less bureaucracy in the school system - teachers should be allowed to make more decisions.• The consequence may well be the forms of bureaucracy that so occupy the attention of administrative reformers.• In the leaner 1990s that headquarters glamour is increasingly seen as gluttony - an unnecessary layer of bureaucracy and overheads.• One more small step away from control by elected officials and toward a government run by the bureaucracy.• Once the process is under way, empire-building adds fuel to the fire, and more fat to the bureaucracy.
From Longman Business Dictionary
bureaucracybu·reauc·ra·cy /bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi bjʊˈrɑː-/ noun (plural bureaucracies)
1[countableC] a system of government that uses a large number of departments and officials
a powerful centralized bureaucracy
2[uncountableU] disapproving all the complicated rules and processes of an official system, especially when they are confusing or responsible for causing a delay
the mountain of bureaucracy which blocks the path of aid workers trying to bring help to a country in desperate need
Origin bureaucracy
(1800-1900) French bureaucracie, from bureau ( → BUREAU) + -cracie “-cracy”
bu·reauc·ra·cy noun
Chinese
Syllable
Corpus
IELTS BNC: 4420 COCA: 4976
bureaucracy

noun¹

 1administrative system行政系統ADJECTIVE➤huge, large, massive, vast龐大的行政體系➤bloated臃腫的行政體系▸➤federal, government, state聯邦／政府／國家行政機構
bureaucracy

noun²

 2official rules and procedures規章手續ADJECTIVE | VERB + BUREAUCRACY ADJECTIVE➤cumbersome, excessive, unnecessary繁瑣多餘的手續；繁文縟節➤administrative, corporate行政的／公司的規章手續VERB + BUREAUCRACY➤cut, eliminate, reduce消除官僚主義；減少官僚程序◇The organization has promised to eliminate unnecessary bureaucracy.該組織已承諾消除不必要的規章制度。➤create, increase使規章手續更繁瑣
IELTS BNC: 4420 COCA: 4976
bureaucracy noun
⇨ bureaucracy (unnecessary bureaucracy) ⇨ authorities (the state bureaucracy) bureaucracy

noun

bureaucracy ♦︎ paperwork ♦︎ red tape ♦︎ rules and regulationsThese are all words for official rules or ways of doing things, such as filling in forms, especially when these seem too complicated and waste time. 这些词均表示官僚作风、繁文缛节。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆unnecessary / too much / endless bureaucracy / paperwork / red tape◆government bureaucracy / red tape / rules and regulations◆to involve bureaucracy / paperwork / red tape◆to reduce / cut bureaucracy / paperwork / red tape◆to deal with bureaucracy / paperwork■ bureaucracy bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi; NAmE bjʊˈrɑːkrəsi [uncountable] (often disapproving) official rules and ways of doing things, created by a government or organization, especially when these seem too complicated 官僚主义；官僚作风◆She is initiating a project to eliminate unnecessary bureaucracy.她正发起一项计划，清除不必要的官僚作风。  see also bureaucracy ⇨ authorities , bureaucrat ⇨ official noun ■ paperwork ˈpeɪpəwɜːk; NAmE ˈpeɪpərwɜːrk [uncountable] the written work that is part of a job or is necessary to do sth, such as filling in forms or writing letters and reports 文书工作◆She spent the day catching up on the vast mound of paperwork that had built up.她花了一天的时间补做积攒下来的一大堆文案工作。ⓘ Paperwork is not always as disapproving as bureaucracy or red tape. It often refers to written work which people accept as necessary, even if they do not like dealing with it and would rather spend their time doing other things. It can also refer to the documents that you need for sth. * paperwork并非总像bureaucracy或red tape那样带贬义，常指人们视之为必要的文书工作，即便他们不愿处理而宁愿去做其他事情。paperwork还可指做某事所需的文件。   see also paperwork ⇨ document ■ ˌred ˈtape [uncountable] (disapproving, journalism 新闻) official rules that seem too complicated and prevent things from being done quickly 繁文缛节；官僚作风◆Plans may take longer and involve more red tape than you expect.计划实施起来也许比预料中花更长时间，手续更繁杂。■ ˌrules and reguˈlations

phrase

official rules and ways in which things should be done 规章制度◆They seem to be more concerned with enforcing petty rules and regulations than really improving employee safety.他们似乎更关心执行琐碎的规章制度，而不是真正改善雇员的安全状况。
IELTS BNC: 4420 COCA: 4976
bureaucracy
Systems and methods for doing things: modality, method, system...
Groups of government officials: apparatus, assembly, bureaucracy...

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