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Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

導出

force

Word family

1 military 軍事的

a) [countableC usually plural]GROUP OF PEOPLE a group of people who have been trained to do military work for a government or other organization 武裝部隊，部隊

government/military/defence etc forces

The riots were suppressed by government forces.

暴亂被政府軍鎮壓了。

He strengthened US forces in the Gulf.

他加強了美軍在海灣地區的軍力。

a plan to disarm the rebel forces (=those fighting against the government)

解除叛軍武裝的計劃

b) the forcesPM British EnglishBrE the army, navy, and air force 武裝力量；陸海空三軍部隊；軍隊

in the forces

Both her sons are in the forces.

她的兩個兒子都在軍隊裏。

c) nuclear/conventional forces nuclear weapons or ordinary weapons 核武器/常規武器

short-range nuclear forces

短程核武器

→ air force , armed forces , ground forces, → peacekeeping force at peacekeeping, → security forces at security(1), task force(2)

2 military action 軍事行動 [uncountableU] military action used as a way of achieving your aims 軍事行動，武力

Peace cannot be imposed by force.

和平不能通過武力來實現。

The UN will allow the use of force against aircraft violating the zone.

聯合國將允許對侵犯這一地區的飛機采取軍事行動。

3 violence 暴力 [uncountableU]VIOLENT violent physical action used to get what you want 〔爲得到某結果而使用的〕暴力，武力

The police used force to overpower the demonstrators.

警方動用了武力來制服示威者。

by force

In the end he had to be thrown out of the house by force.

到最後，人們不得不強行把他趕出了房子。

They kicked the door down using sheer brute force.

他們全憑蠻力將門踹倒了。

4 physical power 力 [uncountableU] the amount of physical power with which something moves or hits another thing 〔物體移動或撞擊時的〕力，力量 → strength

force of

The force of the explosion blew out all the windows.

爆炸的沖力把所有的窗子都震碎了。

with great/considerable/increasing etc force

He raised his hand and struck her with terrifying force.

他舉起手，狠命地打她。

5 natural power 自然力 [countableC, uncountableU] a natural power or event 自然力

the force of gravity

引力

powerful natural forces such as earthquakes, floods, and drought

地震、洪水、幹旱等強大的自然力

the forces of nature

大自然的威力

6 organized group 有組織的團體 [countableC usually singular] a group of people who have been trained and organized to do a particular job 〔受過訓練、有組織地做某一件事的〕一群人

the company’s sales force

該公司的銷售隊伍

the quality of the teaching force

教師隊伍的素質

→ police force

7 strong influence 強烈的影響 [countableC]EFFECT/INFLUENCE something or someone who is powerful and has a lot of influence on the way things happen 〔對事情發展〕有影響力的事物[人]

the driving force (behind something/somebody) (=the person or thing that makes something happen) （某人/某事背後的）推動力

Betty Coward was the driving force behind the project.

貝蒂•科沃德是這個項目的推動者。

a force for change/peace/democracy etc (=someone or something that makes change, peace etc more likely to happen) 變革/和平/民主等的推動力

Healthy competition is a force for innovation.

良性競爭是革新的推動力。

He’s a quick and decisive player – a force to be reckoned with (=a person, team, company etc that influences what happens).

他打球敏捷果斷，是個不可小觑的人物。

The fall in prices was due to forces beyond their control.

價格下降是由他們無法控制的因素造成的。

→ market forces

8 powerful effect 威力 [uncountableU]EFFECT/INFLUENCE the powerful effect that something has on you 〔某事物産生的〕威力，影響力

Even after 30 years, the play has lost none of its force.

即便在30年之後，這出戲的感染力也絲毫未減。

the force of his personality

他的人格魅力

9 join/combine forces (with somebody/something) UNITEto work together so that you can deal with a problem, be more powerful etc 〔爲解決問題、壯大力量等而〕（與某人/某組織）聯合，合作，同心協力

join forces to do something

Local schools have joined forces with each other to share facilities.

當地學校攜手合作，共享設施。

Examples from the Corpus

join forces to do something• The state environmental bodies and the militia are joining forces to set up mobile anti-poaching units.• Now parents, governors and staff are joining forces to call for seat belts on coaches.• Tim Roemer, D-Ind., was voted down 289-121, with Republicans and Democrats joining forces to defeat it.• They emerge from the apparatus of inheritance, from the ways that genes join forces to do their job.• Two London gangs had joined forces to stop the train at Sear's Crossing in Buckinghamshire by rigging the signals.• Police in Cheshire and Greater Manchester have joined forces to investigate a series of attacks which span more than six years.• So shopkeepers have joined forces to attract people into the town, with a special publication circulated in neighbouring areas.• Read in studio Cancer specialists have joined forces to improve the treatment of sick children.

10 in force

a) SCLOBEYif a law, rule etc is in force, it already exists 〔法律、法規等〕已生效，在實施中

The trade embargo has been in force for a year.

貿易禁令已經實施一年了。

b) LOT/LARGE NUMBER OR AMOUNTin a large group, especially in order to protest about something 大量，衆多〔尤爲抗議某事〕 SYN in large numbers

Villagers turned out in force to protest about the new road.

衆多村民出來反對修築新公路。

Examples from the Corpus

turned out in force• Abrams's message seemed well received by the crowd, which had turned out in force for the early-morning session.• Ranchers turned out in force to hear him; the crowd was a bobbing sea of black and white cowboy hats.• The stars turned out in force to see Bono and the boys bring a mega tour to a close.

11 come into force/bring something into force if a new law, rule, change etc comes or is brought into force, it starts to exist 開始生效/使某法規開始實施

Parking restrictions in the town centre came into force last month.

市中心限制停車的法規於上月開始實施。

12 by/through/out of force of habit HABITbecause you have always done a particular thing and it is difficult to change 出於習慣

I get up at 6 o'clock every day out of force of habit.

出於習慣，我每天6點鐘起床。

13. by/through force of circumstance(s) British EnglishBrEEFFECT/INFLUENCE if something happens by force of circumstance, events outside your control make it happen 由於形勢的影響

Examples from the Corpus

by/through force of circumstance(s)• Like all Trolls they will eat anything and through force of circumstance they tend to eat a lot of rocks.• Some sectors, moreover, lagged behind completely, by force of circumstances or on account of reluctance to abandon traditional ways.• Ware was a strict Palladian by upbringing but a stylistic schizoid by force of circumstances.

14 wind 風

a) force 8/9/10 etcTM a unit for measuring the strength of the wind 風力8/9/10級等

b) gale/hurricane force windDN extremely strong wind that does a lot of damage 〔能造成巨大破壞的〕大風/飓風

15. POLICE 警察the force SCPa word meaning the police force, used especially by police officers 警察部隊〔尤爲警方用語〕

16 the forces of good/evil etc literary people or things that increase the amount of good or bad in the world 善/惡等的力量

the battle against the forces of evil

與惡勢力的較量

Examples from the Corpus

the forces of good/evil etc• Television is therefore seen to be taking the moral high ground, the side of the punter against the forces of evil.• Now he's restating his submission to the Bara Bhai and the forces of good.• It will be a struggle between your hero and whatever associates he may have and the forces of evil opposed to him.• It is an age-old heresy to see the world as a battleground between the forces of good and evil.• At the core of Hampden Babylon is a titanic struggle between the forces of good and evil.• It could fight the forces of evil.

→ labour force , tour de force , workforce

n COLLOCATIONS

ADJECTIVES/NOUN + forces

the armed forces (=a country’s military organizations, including the army, navy, and air force)

Israel refused to withdraw its armed forces from the area.

American/British/French etc forces

Several battles took place involving American forces.

government forces (=soldiers fighting for the government)

Government forces reportedly shot dead 300 unarmed civilians.

security forces (=who protect a country against people who are fighting the government)

The government claimed that the security forces had destroyed the rebels’ headquarters.

rebel forces (=who are fighting against the government)

The village was attacked by rebel forces.

military forces

He served with the military forces during the war.

a defence force

Should the European Union have its own defence force?

enemy forces

Enemy forces now occupy substantial areas of the city.

a peacekeeping force

A large UN peacekeeping force is being assembled.

special forces (=who are specially trained to fight against guerilla or terrorist groups)

Special forces were employed to support the local army.

phrases

be in the forces

Her husband is in the forces.

verbs

join the forces (=become a soldier, sailor etc)

He was too young to join the forces when the war broke out.

withdraw your forces

Expecting the Allies to attack again, he began to withdraw his forces eastward.

Examples from the Corpus

force• But when you get some one who can really play them, they sure are a force to be reckoned with.• the Air Force• Manuel Bonett, head of the armed forces.• Her husband tried to get the children back by force.• Centrifugal force can be greater than the force of gravity.• Most market professionals agree that the tax-deferred funds are a major force behind the exponential growth in stock prices.• Instead, there is a narrow vision of a world dominated by market forces.• The use of physical force by teachers tended to promote violent behaviour by pupils.• Barnes is a member of the St. Paul Police Force.• Rebel forces are seeking to overthrow the government.• the company's sales force• What a display of grandeur and sheer force of will!• The United States is one of dozens of nations that provide troops for the 2,400-member Sinai force.• The college must cut 10% of its teaching force for the fall semester.• They occur in areas where the Earth's crust is subjected to tensional forces, trying to pull it apart.• The force of public opinion stopped the highway project.• The force of the explosion shook buildings several blocks away.• The police do not use force when arresting people unless it's absolutely necessary.• I had to use force to get the window open.• We want to end the demonstration without force.

the use of force• These help to reinforce the hinge side of your doors against the use of force.• Today's Soviet leaders are the products of a long-standing tradition of thinking about war and the use of force.• When, in November, it blessed the use of force to achieve this goal, the fanfare was forgivable.• Perhaps most important is the growing chance for miscalculation that accompanies any policy involving the use of force.• The UN tries to limit the use of force in conflicts.• This explains Albright's having ruled out the use of force.• Yet as Dunkers they could not in conscience support the use of force or pay disrespect to the Crown.• The maintenance of the system of slavery through the use of force was a primary problem of colonial defense.• Clearly the current situation in which the use of force is illegal except in self-defence is inadequate.

brute force• Their only ultimate recourse is to deal with each other by brute force.• By brute force they began to pull the raft sideways away from the danger.• In the analogue world, the reshaping of a page of information or a physical object requires some exercise of brute force.• Sometimes you have to use sheer brute force to get these things open.• This has been a war fought more with technology than brute force.• Teravainen belonged to the brute force school; off the tee, he was as long as anybody.• In the short term this brute force approach appears to be the best method of incorporating linguistic knowledge into computers.• Even his strong-man routine seems devoid of any intelligence or style and focuses, instead, upon brute force and muscle.• Was brute force and intimidation all they knew?• With brute force techniques ... they do achieve about the same end result as we do with much more sophisticated techniques.

with great/considerable/increasing etc force• Bringing his right fist back over his shoulder he punched Tommy in the face with considerable force.• Denice jabs it with considerable force into our forehead.• He saw a figure moving towards him, and felt himself pushed, with great force, into a wall.• The urge to acquire interesting and possibly valuable things is widespread and can strike unexpectedly and sometimes with great force.• There is a ridiculous nature-boy sentimentalism that with increasing force is taking over.

forces of nature• The shape and size of creatures is determined by the many fundamental forces of Nature.• Since then, they have represented the darker, subterranean forces of nature.• It was one of man's more successful attempts at curbing the forces of nature.• But they were not willing to see one acre of irrigated land succumb to the forces of nature, regardless of cost.• This tiny camp in the wilderness looked very lonely, very vulnerable to the forces of nature ranged silently around it.• They will cross it only if the undirected forces of nature happen to lead them across.• The shortages and panics are not the result of unpredictable forces of nature or freely functioning markets.• There was already by now a political and religious system, whose primitive beliefs deified the various forces of nature.

teaching force• Creating a teaching force which is adequate to the rapidly growing system has been another problem.• It could be that this development marks the beginning of a teaching force which is professional in reality as well as in name.• I am going to suggest a teaching force composed of three essential parts.• This saves on training facilities and teacher trainers and also helps fill the gaps in the ranks of the existing teaching force.• This leads to a final question that we ought to ask in reference to the three-part teaching force I have proposed.• To do so effectively requires a commitment from the teaching force - from headteacher to probationer.• Rather it points to the fact that there has been a subtle change in the composition of the teaching force.• The teaching force then has the task of meeting the criteria established by these guidelines.

forces beyond ... control• War, rearranged borders, a country assembled and disassembled by forces beyond their control.• Our dreams are threatened by forces beyond our control.• It is difficult to resist the conclusion that after 1208 Innocent had been outmanoeuvred by certain forces beyond his control.• In a sense, owning the benefits your organization achieves is the opposite of blaming consequences on forces beyond your control.

force2 S2 W1 verb [transitiveT]

1 make SB do STH 迫使某人做某事 to make someone do something they do not want to do 強制，逼迫，迫使 → persuade

force somebody to do something

Government troops have forced the rebels to surrender.

政府軍已迫使叛亂分子投降。

Due to the high cost of borrowing, many companies have been forced to close.

由於借貸成本高，許多公司被迫關門。

force yourself to do something

I had to force myself to get up this morning.

今天早晨我不得不逼迫自己起床。

force somebody/something into (doing) something

women who are forced into arranged marriages

被迫接受包辦婚姻的婦女

Bad health forced him into taking early retirement.

健康不佳迫使他提前退休。

2 make SB/STH move 使某人/某物移動PUSH [always + adverbadv/prepositionprep] to make someone or something move in a particular direction or into a different position, especially through or using great strength 用力推動 SYN push

5Westerly gales forced the ship off course.

強勁的西風將那艘船吹離了航道。

5Firemen entering the building were forced back by flames.

沖進大樓的消防隊員被火焰擋了回來。

She tried to keep the door shut but the man forced it open.

她不想打開門，但那男人硬是把它推開了。

3 force your way through/into etc something (also force your way in/out/past etc)PUSH to push very hard in order to get somewhere 強行通過/進入某處等

The doctor forced his way through the crowd.

醫生擠過人群。

Demonstrators forced their way past.

示威人群硬擠了過去。

Examples from the Corpus

force your way through/into etc something• Burglars strike: Intruders forced their way into a house which was being renovated.• He'd schooled himself to ruthlessness, single-mindedly forcing his way through the jungle, hacking at anything in his path.• He has recovered from a nightmare pelvic injury and is now forcing his way into Roker's Wembley plans.• Jezrael could feel stupid tears forcing their way through her control.• Smitty went first, forcing his way through the branches that closed in on the trail.• The thieves have been forcing their way into the homes of elderly people, holding them down while searching for their savings.• Then Huddersfield rallied, and the fiery centre-forward Islip forced his way through to beat the tiring Burnley defenders.

4 make STH happen 使某事發生 to make something happen or change, especially more quickly than planned or expected 使發生[改變]〔尤指比計劃或預計的要快〕

the unfortunate events that forced his resignation

迫使他辭職的不幸事件

We need to force the pace on alternative energy policies.

我們需要加快步伐制定替代能源政策。

force prices/interest rates etc down/up

The effect will be to increase unemployment and force down wages.

結果將是失業人數增加，工資被壓低。

5 force a door/lock/window to open a door etc using physical strength, often causing damage 強行打開門/鎖/窗

I forced the lock on the cupboard to see what was inside.

我撬開壁櫥的鎖，想看看裏面有什麽。

Examples from the Corpus

force a door/lock/window• The burglars are believed to have forced a window.• House raid: Intruders forced a window at the front of a house in Ripon.• The forced door especially terrified me.• He'd forced a window to get into the ground floor maisonette in the Belmont area of Hereford.

6 force the issue FORCE somebody TO DO somethingto do something that makes it necessary for someone to make decisions or take action, instead of waiting to see what happens 強迫立即作出決定；迫使采取行動

Polly decided to force the issue by demanding an explanation.

波莉決定討個說法，從而逼迫他們采取行動。

Examples from the Corpus

force the issue• What you are asking your tenants to do is reasonable, but you may decide not to force the issue.• And he did; he forced the issue.• But I was too tired now to force the issue.• He never tried to force the issue.• In early spring, 1861, the new Confederate government decided to force the issue.• At a minimum, they can force the issue back on to the political agenda and make Republicans publicly address the subject again.• Time was getting tight on both projects, so I had to force the issue with him.• If you attempt to force the issue, you are told that this was another one of your dumb ideas.

7 force somebody’s hand FORCE somebody TO DO somethingto make someone do something unwillingly or earlier than they had intended 迫使某人采取行動；迫使某人提前行動

They’re reluctant to sell the house yet but the right offer could force their hand.

他們目前還不是很願意出售房子，不過價格合理的話也許能讓他們出手。

Examples from the Corpus

force somebody’s hand• The governor is trying to force the legislature's hand on this issue.

8. force a smile/laugh etc FORCE somebody TO DO somethingto make yourself smile, laugh etc even though you feel upset or annoyed 強作笑顔/勉強一笑等

Examples from the Corpus

force a smile/laugh etc• He forces a smile, and Beulah smiles back.• I forced a smile and then turned and fled to my room.• The man turned out to be Alan Stewart, the comedian, who managed to force a smile as Roy apologised.• The girls forced smiles as they had been taught, but Sandi, in revenge, also crossed her eyes.• I forced a smile on seeing him.

n GRAMMAR: Comparison

force

You force someone to do something:

The robbers forced him to hand over the money.

Force is often used in the passive:

The minister was forced to resign because of the scandal.

make

You make someone do something:

The robbers made him hand over the money.

✗Don’t say: make someone to do something

compel

You compel someone to do something:

The court can compel witnesses to give evidence.

Compel is very often used in the passive:

He became seriously ill and was compelled to retire two years later.

oblige

You say that someone is obliged to do something. Oblige is almost always used in the passive:

Hotels are obliged by law to install smoke alarms.

THESAURUS

force to make someone do something they do not want to do. Used when people or situations make you do something 〔人或形勢〕迫使

They were beaten and forced to confess to crimes they had not committed.

他們遭到毆打，被迫承認自己並沒有犯下的罪行。

The drought forced millions of farmers to sell their cattle.

旱災迫使數百萬農民賣掉自己的牛。

make to force someone to do something by using pressure, threats, or violence. Make somebody do something is more common than force somebody to do something in everyday English 〔通過施壓、威脅或暴力〕迫使〔在日常英語中，make sb do sth比force sb to do sth更常用〕

Her parents disapproved of Alex and they made her stop seeing him.

她父母不喜歡亞歷克斯，逼着她不再和他見面。

Two men with guns made the staff hand over the money.

兩名持槍男子迫使員工交出錢款。

pressure (also pressurize British EnglishBrE) to try to force someone to do something by making them feel that they should do it 強迫，對…施加壓力

Some employers pressure their staff into working very long hours.

有些僱主強迫員工長時間工作。

She felt they were trying to pressurize her into getting married.

她覺得他們是在逼她結婚。

blackmail to force someone to give you money or do what you want by threatening to tell embarrassing secrets about them 勒索，敲詐

She tried to blackmail him with photographs of them together at the hotel.

她試圖用和他一起在酒店裏的照片敲詐他。

compel formal to force someone to do something using official power or authority. Also used when someone has to do something because of their situation 〔以權勢〕強迫；〔形勢〕逼迫

The town was surrounded and compelled to surrender.

該鎮遭到包圍，被迫投降。

I felt compelled to offer them some kind of explanation.

我感覺有必要向他們解釋一下。

nYou are compelled by law to carry an ID card.

coerce /kəʊˈɜːs $ ˈkoʊɜːrs/ formal to force someone to do something by threatening them 脅迫

Local people were coerced into joining the rebel army.

當地民衆被迫加入叛軍。

be obliged to do something formal if someone is obliged to do something, they must do it because it is the law or the rule, or because of the situation they are in 〔因法規或形勢〕被迫做某事

You are not obliged to say anything which may harm your defence in court.

你不必說任何可能在法庭上對你的辯護不利的話。

They were obliged to sell the land.

他們被迫變賣土地。

PHRASAL VERBS

Examples from the Corpus

force• The Master tried both persuasion and threats but ... was compelled at length to send for a constable and resort to force.• The economy has forced a lot of companies out of business.• She tried to force her feet into the shoes but they were too small.• Her parents are trying to force her into marrying a man she hardly knows.• Thieves had tied him up and forced him to lie on the floor.• It infected his spine and forced him to spend months in bed.• And to know these, the artist cannot force his own intentions upon nature.• I had never thought of buying an insurance policy, and I wasn't going to be forced into it by some young salesman.• Here, girls are often forced into prostitution because they have no other means of earning money.• Some idiot forced Laura off the road yesterday.• Eddie feels that he was forced out of his job in order to make way for a younger man.• Women's organizations are trying to force the government to appoint more women to senior positions.• Firefighters had to force the lock.• I finally managed to force the package through the small letterbox.• In theory, the power crisis could force the state to work together more.• All the hostages were forced to hand over their passports.• Often they were forced to leap blindly into ravines five or ten feet deep.• If forced to resign, get a good book deal.• To round off his day of despair Button was forced to retire with an exhaust failure six laps from home.• They had so little money that they were forced to sell the farm.• She claimed was forced to take part in the robbery by her husband.• They were halfway up the mountain, when the weather became so bad that they were forced to turn back.• When the information was slow in coming, the announcers were forced to use their imaginations to fill in the details.• You don't have to come if you don't want to. Nobody's forcing you.• If you don't comply I'm afraid we'll have to force you.

force somebody/something into (doing) something• That has forced buyers into a market itching for some payback.• There is no attempt to force them into a mould of correct knowledge.• But she forced the Volvo into first, the engine screaming as she drove fifteen or twenty yards down the road.• Colin hated the way he inspected the rag before folding the contents into the centre and forcing it into his trouser pocket.• He forced his breath into laughs.• Both men and women must also look for paid work and many have been forced to migrate into the cities.• All magic is dangerous and the titanic forces drawn into the realm of Ulthuan are more dangerous than any other.• In 31 states Perot won more than 20 percent of the vote, and he forced Clinton into third place in Utah.

forced ... open• The other had been forced open.• She forced her eyes open, and at once her heart was pounding.• I forced my eyes open and woke up.• I forced myself to open my fingers, to relax my vigilance, to fall asleep.• The raider forced him to open the safe and fled with cash.• Secluded rear doors are especially vulnerable: they are often forced open with a simple well-aimed kick.

force prices/interest rates etc down/up• The second is that the spending increase leads to the economy overheating and thus forces interest rates up.

From Longman Business Dictionary

forceforce1 /fɔːsfɔːrs/ noun

1[countableC] a group of people who have been trained and organized for a particular purpose

Our division has expanded its sales force (=the people in a company who sell the company’s products) to 160.

→ labour force → task force

2in forceLAW if a law or rule is in force, it exists and must be obeyed

These regulations have been in force since 1997.

New EU directivescome into force (=start to operate) in April.

3[countableC usually singular] something or someone that has a strong influence on an activity or the way events develop

She is the driving force (=person or thing that has the strongest influence on the way things happen) behind the group’s creation.

The group is certainly a force to be reckoned with (=has a lot of power and influence) in the publishing industry.

→ competitive force

4market forces [plural]ECONOMICS the way that the behaviour of buyers and sellers affects the levels of SUPPLY AND DEMAND in a particular market, especially when the government does nothing to change this

By ending the electricity monopoly, market forces rather than state utilities will set prices.

Whether there is enough demand to sustain all of the car manufacturers is a question we will have toleave to market forces (=allow market forces to take effect so that the market works in the most efficient way).

5[uncountableU] influence or authority

The City’s code of practice does not have the force of law. (=the same authority as the law)

forceforce2 verb [transitiveT]

1if a situation forces you to do something, it makes you do it, even though you do not want to

force somebody to do something

Massive debts have forced them to close the store.

We were forced to raise prices because of increased costs.

2to make something happen against the wishes of the people who are affected

The imposition of VAT would force the closure of 20% of regional newspapers.

fears of a forced takeover

→ force something → down

→ force something → up