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TOEFL IELTS BNC: 3095 COCA: 3580

bitter

Word family 
Related topics: Tastes, Nature
bit·ter1 /ˈbɪtə $ -ər/ ●●○ S3 W3 adjectiveadj
1  ANGRY/UPSETANGRYfeeling angry, jealous, and upset because you think you have been treated unfairly 憤憤不平的，充滿怨恨的 → bitterly
bitter about
I feel very bitter about it.
我對此非常不滿。
a bitter old man
一個滿腹怨恨的老人
2  CAUSING UNHAPPINESS[only before noun]UNPLEASANT making you feel very unhappy and upset 帶來痛苦的，令人難過的 → bitterly
a bitter disappointment/blow
If he failed, it would be a bitter disappointment to his parents.
如果他不成功，他父母會傷心失望。
His photo stirred up bitter memories.
他的照片勾起了痛苦的回憶。
from bitter experience (=because of your own very unpleasant experiences) 因爲痛苦的經歷
She knew from bitter experience that it would be impossible to talk it over with Julian.
過去痛苦的經歷告訴她，這事沒法和朱利安商量。
3  FULL OF HATREDHATEa bitter argument, battle etc is one in which people oppose or criticize each other with strong feelings of hate and anger 〔爭論、戰鬥等〕激烈的，充滿敵意的，怨憤的
bitter dispute/battle/struggle etc
The couple are locked in a bitter battle for custody of the children.
夫妻倆爲爭奪孩子的監護權鬧得不可開交。
The government faces bitter opposition to these policies.
政府的這些政策遭到了激烈的反對。
The countries are still bitter enemies.
這些國家彼此依然是死敵。
4  TASTECThaving a strong sharp taste, like black coffee without sugar 苦的，有苦味的 → sour, sweet
Enjoy the beer’s bitter taste as you slowly drink it.
慢慢地喝這啤酒，細細品嘗它的苦味。
bitter chocolate
帶苦味的巧克力
► see thesaurus at taste
5  COLDDNCOLDunpleasantly cold 刺骨的，寒冷的 → bitterly
a bitter wind
刺骨的寒風
the bitter cold of the Midwestern winters
中西部地區冬季的嚴寒
6  to the bitter end FINISH/COME TO AN ENDcontinuing until the end, even though this is difficult 堅持到底；拼到底
Employees have vowed to fight the closure to the bitter end.
僱員們誓死抗爭到底，堅決抵制關閉企業。
Examples from the Corpus
to the bitter end• Campaigners vowed to carry on the struggle to the bitter end.• Despite his injury, Johnson carried on playing on to the bitter end.• But a promise is a promise and we have to pursue this thing to the bitter end.• Do I intend to campaign to the bitter end?• He at least was ready to slug it out to the bitter end.• I stayed to the bitter end.• Master Yehudi always won, and he went on winning to the bitter end.• He would fight my case to the bitter end, he vowed.• Hereford left it to the bitter end to secure their 1-1 draw.• They vowed to fight to the bitter end to stop it.
7  a bitter pill (to swallow) UNPLEASANTsomething very unpleasant that you must accept 必須吞下去的苦藥丸，不得不接受的現實
The knowledge that his friends no longer trusted him was a bitter pill to swallow.
得知朋友不再信任他，他很難接受。
Examples from the Corpus
a bitter pill (to swallow)• It was a bitter pill for the 117 men listed to swallow with their Thanksgiving turkey yesterday.• Losing the business was a bitter pill to swallow.• It was a bit of a blow, a bitter pill to swallow.
—bitterness noun [uncountableU]
n COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 3: a bitter argument, battle etc is one in which people oppose or criticize each other with strong feelings of hate and anger
nouns
a bitter battle/dispute
There was a bitter battle over the building of the new airport.
a bitter fight/struggle
The law was passed after a bitter fight that lasted nearly a decade.
a bitter conflict
The stage is set for a bitter conflict with trade unions.
a bitter debate/argument
The country now faces a bitter debate over the issue.
bitter disagreement
There were reports of bitter disagreement between the European Communities.
bitter opposition
The new tax aroused bitter opposition.
a bitter rival/enemy (=a rival/enemy who you have strong feelings of dislike or anger about)
The two men are bitter rivals for the party leadership.
n THESAURUS
bitter having a strong sharp taste that is not sweet, like black coffee without sugar – used especially about chocolate, medicine etc
The dessert is made with a slightly bitter chocolate.
Hops give beer its distinctive bitter taste.
The medicine tasted bitter.
As the lettuce gets older, the leaves become more bitter.
sharp having a taste that makes your tongue sting slightly
Rhubarb has quite a sharp taste.
The cheese has a pleasing colour and a pleasantly sharp flavour.
sour having a usually unpleasant sharp acid taste, like the taste of a lemon, or a fruit that is not ready to be eaten – used especially about fruit, or about liquids that have gone bad
Some people say that the purpose of the lemon’s sour taste is to stop the fruit being eaten by animals.
Rachel sampled the wine. It was sour.
acidic very sour – used especially about liquids or things made with fruits such as oranges, lemons, or grapes
Some fruit juices taste a bit acidic.
tangy having a taste that is pleasantly strong or sharp, and that often tastes a little sweet as well
The ribs are cooked in a tangy barbecue sauce.
tart having a taste that lacks sweetness – used especially about fruit such as apples, which you need to add sugar to
The pudding had rather a tart flavour.
The trees were covered with tart wild plums.
Examples from the Corpus
bitter• Try not to burn the oil, it will make the sauce taste bitter.• The citron has the most beautiful fragrance of all the citrus fruits and its pith is not bitter.• What had he done to make Juliet so vengeful and bitter?• The medicine tasted bitter.• I used to be very bitter and angry, but I've gotten over it.• The extract is bitter but tolerable, and the root has the taste of a radish past its prime.• The wind was bitter, but when they lay down Glover felt the warmth of the sun.• strong, bitter coffee• Because he was literate and articulate, he showed a bitter contempt for the self-appointed intellectuals of the inter-war years.• The party suffered a bitter defeat in 1964.• There is no doubt that the outcome of that long campaign, the Act itself, was a bitter disappointment to working-class radicals.• a bitter east wind• There has been bitter fighting in the hills to the north of the capital.• She shot a bitter glance in his direction and left.• She loved him so much, and to realise that she was only an episode in his busy life was bitter indeed.• a bitter legal battle over custody of the children• The herb rue has a bitter taste, which makes it unpopular for cooking.• I ask if I might have some green tea and feel even better as I sip the bitter, warm liquid.
bitter about• Jensen sounded bitter about his team's fourth straight loss.
a bitter disappointment/blow• That decision, announced on 3 October, was a bitter disappointment.• The loss of that partner through death, either shortly before retirement or afterwards, comes as a bitter blow.• After the drama of Pye's water wall, this is all a bitter disappointment and something of a disgrace.• The result was a bitter disappointment for Wimbledon who could have scored on three occasions in the first half.• This was a bitter disappointment to Oliver, but his new friends were still as kind to him as ever.• He is certainly a bitter disappointment to people in this country.• There is no doubt that the outcome of that long campaign, the Act itself, was a bitter disappointment to working-class radicals.• It was a bitter blow when the trustees preferred the reprint.
bitter dispute/battle/struggle etc• But a press backlash did get into gear, leaving a handful of diehard music writers to fight a bitter battle.• Now all sides were preparing for a bitter battle.• The biggest gains and the most bitter disputes arise over trades between north and south.• It is now the subject of a bitter dispute between the neighbouring republics.• But the Bolsheviks were determined to frustrate them and immediately after October a bitter struggle ensued between the workers and the party.• In the United States, an ever-more bitter battle had been fought around this issue since abortion was legalized in 1972.• They would not understand what a bitter struggle my whole life has been.
bitter taste• Then look at each one very carefully, removing any yellowish pieces, which may give the finished dish a bitter taste.• The pills left a bitter taste, a raging thirst and pent-up energy for which there was no outlet.• She had tasted the fear of being cast out, and it left a bitter taste in her mouth.• Sweet as the victory over polio was, one medical historian wrote: It left a slightly bitter taste in many mouths.• But Kenny Brown's reply left a bitter taste in their mouths.• Even after swallowing it, its bitter taste lingered long in my mouth.• Right now the bitter taste matched her mood.
bitter cold• The children have to walk to school in the bitter cold.• I have always thought pneumonia was the root of it all, contracted during that six-day match in the bitter cold.• Nothing for certain but the dark weather and the bitter cold.• Coming into it was like coming home on a bitter cold day to a bright, leaping fire.• The region was bitter cold in winter and was composed largely of woodland tracts veined heavily with water.• Plus it warms up rapidly on a bitter cold night.• I got dressed quickly in the bitter cold of the room, and washed when I could.• There was a bitter cold wind arising.• Unlike the flamboyant Ellet, he worked without fanfare, often in the bitter cold, without a break.
Related topics: Drink
bitter2 noun
1  [countableC, uncountableU] British EnglishBrEDFD a type of dark beer that is popular in Britain, or a glass of this （一杯）苦啤酒
A pint of bitter, please.
請來一品脫苦啤酒。
► see thesaurus at taste
2. bitters [uncountableU]DFD a strong bitter liquid made from plants that is added to alcoholic drinks 〔摻入酒精飲料的〕苦味汁
Origin bitter
Old English biter
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 3095 COCA: 3580
bitter

adjective¹

 1angry/unhappy生氣；不高興VERBS | ADVERB | PREPOSITION VERBS➤be, feel, seem, sound憤憤不平；感到憤憤不平；好像憤憤不平；聽起來憤憤不平▸➤become, grow, turn變得有怨意；轉變成恨◇He had grown bitter as the years passed.隨着歲月的流逝他變得怨氣重重。◇Loving relationships can turn bitter.愛能轉化為恨。➤remain仍然有怨意▸➤leave sb, make sb使某人怨氣沖天◇The divorce had left her bitter.離婚讓她心懷怨恨。ADVERB➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.極度／相當／非常痛苦▸➤slightly有點兒痛苦➤increasingly越來越鬱悶PREPOSITION➤about對⋯感到不滿◇She still seems bitter about it.她對那件事好像仍然有些不滿。➤towards/toward對⋯不滿◇I felt very bitter towards / toward them.我對他們極為不滿。
bitter

adjective²

 2very cold寒冷VERBS | ADVERB VERBS➤be冷得刺骨▸➤become, turn變寒冷◇The weather turned bitter.天氣轉冷。➤remain仍然很冷ADVERB➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.極其／相當／非常寒冷
bitter

adjective³

 3having a sharp taste味苦VERBS | ADVERB VERBS➤be, taste苦；嚐起來苦◇The drink tasted bitter.這飲料喝起來有苦味。ADVERB➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.極其苦；相當苦；非常苦▸➤a little, slightly, etc.有點兒／稍有些苦
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 3095 COCA: 3580
bitter adj.
⇨ bitter 1 (a bitter taste) ⇨ bitter 2 (bitter feelings) ⇨ freezing (a bitter wind)bitter1

adjective

 a bitter taste 苦味bitter feelings 痛苦的感情bitter ♦︎ pungent ♦︎ sour ♦︎ acrid ♦︎ sharp ♦︎ acidThese words all describe a strong, unpleasant taste or smell. 這些詞均表示味道或氣味強烈的、令人不適的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆a bitter / a pungent / an acrid / a sharp / an acid taste / flavour◆a bitter / a pungent / a sour / an acrid / a sharp / an acid smell / odour◆a bitter / a pungent / an acrid / a sharp scent◆a bitter / a sour / a sharp / an acid fruit◆a pungent / sharp cheese◆pungent / acrid smoke◆to taste bitter / sour / sharp◆to smell bitter / sharp■ bitter (of a taste or smell) strong and usually unpleasant; (of food or drink) having a bitter taste （味道或氣味）強烈而令人不適的；（食物或飲料）味苦的◆bitter coffee / chocolate苦咖啡；苦巧克力◆The drink tasted bitter.這種飲料味苦。◆This plant is ignored by livestock because of the bitter taste.因爲味苦，家畜不吃這種植物。■ pungent ˈpʌndʒənt (of a smell or taste) strong and usually unpleasant; (of food or smoke) having a pungent smell or taste （氣味或味道）強烈而令人不適的；（食物）刺激性的，辛辣的；（煙）嗆人的，刺鼻的◆the pungent smell of burning rubber燒橡膠的刺鼻氣味◆The air was pungent with the smell of spices.空氣裏充滿了各種香料的刺激性氣味。■ sour (of a taste) bitter like the taste of a lemon or of fruit that is not ripe; (of food or drink) having a sour taste （味道）酸的；（食物或飲料）有酸味的◆Too much pulp produces a sour wine.過多的果肉會讓酒變酸。 OPP sweet ⓘ Sweet food contains sugar or tastes of sugar. * sweet指食物含糖的、甜的◆I need a cup of hot sweet tea.我需要一杯加糖的熱茶。◆This wine is too sweet for me.這種葡萄酒對我來說太甜了。   see also sour ⇨ rotten ■ acrid ˈækrɪd (of a smell or taste) strong and unpleasant; (of smoke) having an acrid smell （氣味或味道）刺激的，難聞的；（煙）嗆人的，刺鼻的◆The fog was yellow and acrid and bit at the back of the throat.霧的顔色發黃，氣味嗆人，直刺喉根。■ sharp (of a taste or smell) strong and slightly bitter; (of food or drink) having a sharp taste （味道或氣味）強烈而略苦的，刺鼻的；（食物或飲料）味苦的，辛辣的◆The cheese has a distinctively sharp taste.這奶酪味道很沖。■ acid (of a taste or smell) bitter, like the taste of a lemon or of fruit that is not ripe; (of food or drink) having an acid taste （味道）酸的；（氣味）有刺激性的；（食物或飲料）有酸味的◆It's a very juicy fruit with a slightly acid flavour.這種水果多汁，味道略酸。NOTE 辨析 Which word? Bitter, sour, sharp and acid are all used more for tastes. Pungent and acrid are used more for smells. A bitter taste is usually unpleasant, but some people enjoy the bitter flavour of coffee or chocolate. You cannot use any other word to describe this flavour. * bitter、sour、sharp和acid多用以形容味道。pungent和acrid多用以形容氣味。bitter表示味苦，通常令人不適，有些人卻喜歡咖啡或巧克力的苦味，其他詞都不能描述這種味道◆pungent/sour/acrid/sharp/acid coffee/chocolate Sour and acid both describe the taste of a lemon or fruit that is not ripe. Sour is usually a negative term; acid can be negative or simply descriptive. A sharp or pungent flavour is more strong than unpleasant, especially when describing cheese. * sour和acid均指檸檬或未成熟水果的那種酸味。sour通常作貶義；acid既可作貶義，也可作客觀描述。sharp或pungent主要強調味道強烈，而非令人不適，在描述奶酪的味道時尤其如此◆bitter/sour/acrid/acid cheese A pungent smell is usually unpleasant, but some people enjoy the pungent smell of rich, spicy food. An acrid smell is always unpleasant; acrid is not used for the smell of food. * pungent指氣味有刺激性，通常令人不適，但有些人卻喜歡油膩、調料重的食物的濃烈氣味。acrid指氣味刺激難聞，總是令人不適；acrid不用於形容食物的氣味。 bitter2

adjective

 a bitter taste 苦味bitter feelings 痛苦的感情bitter ♦︎ sour ♦︎ resentful ♦︎ acrimonious ♦︎ embitteredThese words all describe people feeling angry and unhappy after a bad experience. 這些詞均表示因糟糕的經歷而感到憤憤不平、悶悶不樂。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆bitter / resentful about sth◆bitter / resentful towards sb◆a bitter / a sour / an embittered man◆a sour / resentful expression◆a bitter / an acrimonious debate / dispute / divorce■ bitter (of people) feeling very angry and unhappy because you feel that you have been treated unfairly; (of situations) full of angry feelings and words （人）憤憤不平的；（狀況）怨聲載道的◆He is very bitter about losing his job.他丢了工作，心裏很不服氣。◆She bit her lip hard to stop the rush of bitter words.她使勁咬着嘴唇，把到嘴邊的刻薄話咽回去了。◆They are locked in a bitter custody battle over their three children.他們爲三個孩子的監護權陷入了一場激烈的爭奪之中。   see also bitterness ⇨ resentment ▸ bitterly

adverb

◆They complained bitterly.他們氣憤地抱怨。■ sour feeling or expressing bitterness or disappointment 陰鬱的；悶悶不樂的；沮喪的◆She was a sour and disillusioned old woman.她是一個心灰意冷、幻想破滅的老女人。◆The meeting ended on a sour note with several people walking out.數人退場，會議不歡而散。◆As time went by the marriage turned sour.時日推移，這樁婚姻逐漸産生問題。ⓘ Sour is not usually followed by a preposition. * sour後通常不接介詞◆She was sour about it.   see also sour ⇨ influence verb ▸ sourly

adverb

◆'Who asked you?' he said sourly.“誰問你了？”他沒好氣地說。■ resentful rɪˈzentfl (especially written) feeling bitter or angry about sth that you think is unfair 感到氣憤的；憎恨的；憤慨的◆She was resentful at having been left out of the team.她對於被擯出團隊感到氣憤。◆They seemed to be resentful of our presence there.他們好像對我們出現在那裏很生氣。   see also resent ⇨ resent , resentment ⇨ resentment ▸ resentfully

adverb

◆He looked at me resentfully.他滿懷怨恨地看着我。NOTE 辨析 Bitter, sour or resentful? Bitter feelings are the strongest and most openly expressed. * bitter所表達的感情最強烈、最公開◆feeling extremely / intensely / very bitter感到極其／非常／十分痛苦◆a bitter laugh / smile苦笑If you feel sour or resentful it may be less obvious. * sour或resentful所表達的感情也許沒那麽明顯◆vaguely / silently resentful略感氣憤；生悶氣◆resentful eyes滿含怨憤的眼神◆a sour face陰鬱的臉色 Sour especially describes relationships which may go/turn sour. * go/turn sour尤指關系變壞、惡化。 ■ acrimonious ˌækrɪˈməʊniəs; NAmE ˌækrɪˈmoʊniəs (rather formal) (of a situation) angry and full of strong bitter feelings and words （狀況）怨聲載道的，惡言相向的◆His parents went through an acrimonious divorce.他的父母在激烈爭吵中離了婚。   see also acrimony ⇨ resentment ▸ acrimoniously

adverb

◆The relationship ended acrimoniously.這段關系在怨憤中結束了。■ embittered (rather formal, especially written) feeling angry and unhappy about sth over a long period of time （長期）怨憤的，沮喪的，苦惱的◆He died an embittered man.他含怨而終。
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 3095 COCA: 3580
bitter
Feeling angry or annoyed: angry, annoyed, upset...
Feeling disappointed: disappointed, disillusioned, dismayed...
General words used to describe emotions: acutely, affective, basic...
Enemies and describing enemies: enemy, opponent, adversary...
Making you feel sad or upset: sad, unhappy, depressing...
Words used to describe specific tastes and flavours: acid, acidic, aged...
Cold: cold, cool, icy...
Sadness and unhappiness: sadness, depression, grief...
Beer and lager: ale, amber fluid, beer...

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