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TOEFL IELTS BNC: 5023 COCA: 4644

scratch

Word family 
Related topics: Colours & sounds, Sport
scratch1 /skrætʃ/ ●●● S3 verb  
1  rub your skin 挠皮肤 [intransitiveI, transitiveT]RUB to rub your skin with your nails because it feels uncomfortable 〔用指甲〕挠，搔，轻抓 → itch
 John yawned and scratched his leg.
约翰打了个呵欠，挠了挠腿。
 Try not to scratch.
尽量别挠。
scratch at
 He was scratching at the bites on his arm.
他挠着手臂上被叮咬的地方。
► see thesaurus at touch
2  cut SB’s skin 割破某人的皮肤 [intransitiveI, transitiveT]CUT to cut someone’s skin slightly with your nails or with something sharp 〔用指甲〕抓破，抓伤；〔用利器〕划破
 She ran at him and scratched his face.
她冲过去抓他的脸。
 Don’t scratch yourself on the thorns.
别让刺扎着自己。
3  make a mark 划出痕迹 [transitiveT]CUT to make a small cut or mark on something by pulling something sharp across it 划出，刮出〔痕迹〕
 I’m afraid I’ve scratched your car.
不好意思，我把你的汽车给刮坏了。
 Some of the prisoners had scratched their names on the walls.
有些囚犯在墙上刻下自己的姓名。
4  animals 动物 [intransitiveI always + adverbadv/prepositionprep]C if an animal scratches, it rubs its feet against something, often making a noise 〔用爪子〕抓，刨
 A few chickens scratched around in the yard.
几只小鸡在院子里抓抓刨刨。
scratch at
 a dog scratching at the door to be let in
挠门想进屋的一条狗
5  remove STH 除去某物 [transitiveT always + adverbadv/prepositionprep]REMOVE to remove something from a surface by rubbing it with something sharp 刮掉，划掉
scratch something off/away etc
 I scratched away a little of the paint with my fingernail.
我用指甲刮掉一点油漆。
6  remove writing 划去文字 [transitiveT always + adverbadv/prepositionprep] to remove a word from a piece of writing by drawing a line through it 勾掉，划去〔写下的字〕 SYN cross out
scratch something from/off something
 I have scratched his name from the list.
我把他的名字从名单上划掉了。
7  make a noise 发出声音 [intransitiveI always + adverbadv/prepositionprep] to make a rough sound by moving something sharp across a surface 〔用尖利物〕刮擦出声音
 His pen scratched away on the paper.
他用钢笔在纸上沙沙地写着。
8  scratch the surface PARTto deal with only a very small part of a subject or problem 仅触及问题的表面
scratch the surface of
 I think we have only scratched the surface of this problem.
我认为我们仅仅触及了这个问题的表面。
Examples from the Corpus
scratch the surface• A lot of titles for this year you may think, but I've only scratched the surface.• The above four cases only scratch the surface.• Mr Burrows added cultivator tines to scratch the surface and provide an adequate tilth for the rapeseed.• The end of the upper branches scratched the surface like phonograph needles.• But Mr Smith has merely scratched the surface of Labour's election promises.• But after a summer in Trinidad, he realized he had only scratched the surface of the eclectic and complex belief system.• So far, we have only scratched the surface of the information available on this topic.• All too soon it was over and we left feeling we had just scratched the surface of this fascinating Republic.• So far, research into psychoneuroimmunology has done no more than scratch the surface of this potentially important topic.
9  scratch your head informalTHINK ABOUT to think carefully about a difficult question or problem 动脑筋，〔对难题〕苦思冥想
 This crisis has politicians scratching their heads and wondering what to do.
这场危机让政治家们抓破了脑袋，不知怎么办才好。
Examples from the Corpus
scratch your head• The last question really left us scratching our heads.• There's nothing more guiltily satisfying than watching the experts scratch their heads.• Where possible he would seize scraps of parchment and draw lines, muttering to himself and scratching his head.• He scratched his head, a sure sign of thought.• Budget directors are scratching their heads about how to deal with the shortfall.• One, and he scratched his head about this, appeared to be a sparrow.• When I scratched his head, he would not hold still as long as before.• You scratch your heads in selection, and can't find a proper balance with less than 12.• They studied the map for a while, scratched their heads, turned it upside down and studied it some more.
10. stop STH happening 阻止某事发生 [transitiveT] informalSTOP DOING something if you scratch an idea or a plan, you decide that you will not do it 取消，撤销〔想法或计划〕 SYN abandon
11. remove from race 退出比赛 [intransitiveI, transitiveT] informalDS if someone scratches from a race, or if you scratch them from the race, they do not take part in it （使）退出比赛
12. you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yoursI’ll scratch yours you scratch my back spokenHELP used to say that you will help someone if they agree to help you 你帮我，我也帮你
13 scratch around (also scratch about British English) phrasal verbphr v to try to find or get something which is difficult to find or get 〔困难地〕搜寻，查找，寻找
for
 homeless people scratching around for a place to shelter
四处找寻容身之所的无家可归者
14 REMOVE WRITING 划去文字scratch something ↔ out phrasal verbphr v WRITEREMOVEto remove a word from a piece of writing by drawing a line through it 划掉，删掉〔文字〕 SYN cross out
 Emma’s name had been scratched out.
埃玛的名字被划掉了。
Examples from the Corpus
scratch out• For a paper of pins I'd scratch thy eyes out!• Bay rum, he wrote, then scratched it out with a chuckle.
→ scrape/scratch a living at living2(1)
Examples from the Corpus
scratch• She found her friend, Felicia Moon, bruised and scratched after a fight with her husband.• Maura rubbed her face against his cheek and felt his stubble scratching against her smooth skin.• One of these involves using the hind leg to scratch an area of skin to which an irritant has been applied.• The dog kept scratching at the door to be let in.• He sat scratching his head, trying to think of the answer.• He sat thinking, scratching his head.• The cat will scratch if you make her mad.• There's a spot in the middle of my back that itches - can you scratch it for me?• Don't scratch - it will only make the itching worse.• The cat scratched me while I was playing with her.• I scratch my face to feel a bloodless mound.• I scratched my hand on a rusty nail.• For a couple of years he scratched out a living, feeling sorry for himself and dissipating his savings.• The medicine relieves the itching, so the child doesn't scratch so much.• Well, I guess we can scratch that idea.• She scratched the knife along the zipper of my jeans and threw the blade again.• Don't scratch - the rash will get infected.• I scratched the side of the car as I was backing it into the driveway.• Don't use that cleaner - it'll scratch the sink.• Be careful not to scratch the table with those scissors.• I had several mosquito bites, and it was difficult not to scratch them.• They scratched themselves, and worse.
Related topics: Illness & disability, Colours & sounds
scratch2 ●●○ noun  
1  cut 划伤 [countableC] a small cut on someone’s skin 〔某人皮肤上的〕划痕，划伤
2  mark 划痕 [countableC]MIMARK a thin mark or cut on the surface of something 刮痕，划痕
3  from scratch START DOING somethingif you start something from scratch, you begin it without using anything that existed or was prepared before 从零开始，从头开始；白手起家
Examples from the Corpus
from scratch• Doug baked the cake from scratch.• The company was started from scratch in 1995, but its annual sales are already over $20 million.
4  up to scratch British EnglishBrE informalGOOD ENOUGH# good enough for a particular standard 够得上标准，达到应有的水平
Examples from the Corpus
up to scratch• A growing number of workers are put on short-term contracts which are renewed only if their work is up to scratch.• So do feel free to change anything that strikes you as not up to scratch.• The couple told stunned housing officials that the three-bedroom flat simply was not up to scratch for their needs.• His grammar and accent were not up to scratch, and he kept running to the airport.• That today's pop culture isn't up to scratch?
5  HBHrub 揉搓 [singular] especially British EnglishBrE when you rub part of your body with your nails because it feels uncomfortable 抓，挠
6  sound 声音 [countableC]C a sound made by something sharp or rough being rubbed on a hard surface 刮擦声
Examples from the Corpus
scratch• It's just a scratch - nothing serious.• a scratch on the car door• Small imperfections such as cuts and scratches can be sanded out with fine sandpaper.• Stories can be begun from scratch or spun off samples.• That was the same idea Albiez had in 1990 when he decided to make an electric car from scratch.• So, in one sense I was not starting entirely from scratch.• That was kind of from scratch.• The last of his scratch marks have faded now but his memories never will.• His face was covered in scratches.• The former captain of Staffordshire, who played off scratch for many years, beat his age by two shots.• He looked with concern at the scratches on Lucy's face, then poured tea which he insisted she drank at once.
only a scratch• The above four cases only scratch the surface.• But after a summer in Trinidad, he realized he had only scratched the surface of the eclectic and complex belief system.• So far palaeontologists have only scratched the surface of a formation that Rauhut estimates covers at least several hundred square kilometres.• The Government's proposal is welcome, but it only scratches the surface of the problem.• Surface only scratched and the guide has proved its worth already.• But without proper government action, they only scratch at the problem.• A lot of titles for this year you may think, but I've only scratched the surface.
had a scratch• Nurse found the worst patches around his ears where he had scratched the scalp sore.• This cat had no whiskers + he had scratch on his nose.• Some one had scratched the eyes out of an otter on the litter campaign poster.
Related topics: Sport
scratch3 adjectiveadj [no comparative]  
1. DSa scratch team or group of people has been put together in a hurry, using anyone that is available 〔团队等〕仓促拼凑的，匆匆组成的
2. DSa scratch player in golf is very good and is not given any advantage in games 〔高尔夫球员〕无让杆的，无让步优 待的
Examples from the Corpus
scratch• The kitchen has a beautiful wooden floor, but it's badly scratched.
Origin scratch1
(1300-1400) Probably from scrat “to scratch” ((13-19 centuries)) + cratch “to scratch” ((13-16 centuries))
scratch1 verbscratch2 nounscratch3 adjectiveadj
Chinese
Corpus
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 5023 COCA: 4644
scratch

noun

ADJECTIVE | VERB + SCRATCH | SCRATCH + NOUN | PREPOSITION ADJECTIVE➤deep, long, nasty深深的／長長的／難看的擦痕▸➤light, little, minor, slight, small輕微劃痕；小擦痕；淺淺的擦痕◇His only injuries were some minor scratches above his eye.他僅在眼睛上方有些輕微的擦傷。➤a few, numerous幾處／無數擦痕➤cat貓的抓痕VERB + SCRATCH➤have有擦痕➤get受到擦傷➤leave, make留下擦痕◇Powdered cleansers will leave scratches on the glass.清潔粉會在玻璃上留下擦痕。SCRATCH + NOUN➤mark擦痕PREPOSITION➤without a scratch毫發無損◇She emerged from the wrecked vehicle without a scratch.她安然無恙地從撞毀車輛中鑽了出來。
scratch

verb

ADVERB | PREPOSITION ADVERB➤badly嚴重地刮傷◇The table had been badly scratched.桌子被刮得傷痕纍纍。➤absently (especially NAmE) 心不在焉地撓◇He absently scratched his head.他心不在焉地撓了撓頭。➤lightly輕輕刮PREPOSITION➤at撓⋯◇He scratched at his beard for a few seconds.他抓了幾下鬍子。◇I could hear the dog scratching at the door.我聽見狗在撓門。➤on在⋯上劃傷◇I scratched my arm on a rose bush.我被玫瑰花叢劃傷了胳膊。➤with用⋯抓◇She scratched his face with her nails.她用指甲抓傷了他的臉。
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 5023 COCA: 4644
scratch noun
⇨ injuryscratch verb
⇨ scratch 1 (scratch yourself on sth) ⇨ scratch 2 (a cat scratches) ⇨ creak (mice scratch)scratch1

verb

 scratch yourself on a nail 在钉子上划了自己一下scratch at an insect bite/a cat scratches 挠被虫叮的包；猫挠人scratch ♦︎ scrape ♦︎ rub ♦︎ scuff ♦︎ grazeThese words all mean to damage a surface or to remove sth from it by moving sth sharp and hard across it. 这些词均表示擦破、划破、磨破。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to scratch sth / scrape sth / rub / scuff sth / graze sth on sth◆to scrape / graze your knee / knuckles / elbow / shin◆to scratch / scrape / graze a surface◆to scratch / scuff / graze sth badly■ scratch [transitive] to damage the surface of sth, especially accidentally, by making thin shallow marks on it; to cut or damage your skin slightly with sth sharp （尤指意外地）擦破，划损，刮坏；划破，划伤（皮肤）◆Be careful not to scratch the furniture.小心别刮坏了家具。◆The car's paintwork is badly scratched.汽车的漆面划损得很严重。◆I'd scratched my leg and it was bleeding.我把腿划破流血了。◆She scratched herself on a nail.她在钉子上划了一下。   see also scratch ⇨ injury noun ■ scrape [transitive] to rub sth accidentally against sth rough, so that it gets damaged or hurt （意外地）擦坏，擦伤，刮坏，蹭破◆I scraped the side of my car on the wall.我的车一侧被墙刮了。◆Sorry, I've scraped some paint off the car.抱歉，我把车刮掉了一块漆。◆She fell and scraped her knee.她摔了一跤，把膝盖蹭破了。◆The wire had scraped the skin from her fingers.她的手指被金属丝刮掉了皮。NOTE 辨析 Scratch or scrape?If you scratch a surface you make a long thin line on it; if you scrape it, you usually make a wider mark. If you scratch a part of your body, the damage is not very bad; if you scrape it, the damage is usually a little greater. 表示擦伤物体表面时，scratch指在上面留下细长的道子，scrape通常指在上面留下较宽的痕迹。表示擦伤身体某个部位时，scratch伤得不严重，scrape则通常伤得略严重些。■ rub (-bb-) [intransitive](of a surface) to move backwards and forwards many times against sth while pressing it, especially causing pain or damage （表面）磨，摩擦（尤指引起疼痛或造成损害）◆The back of my shoe is rubbing.我的鞋后跟磨脚。◆The wheel is rubbing on the mudguard.车轮蹭着挡泥板了。◆The horse's neck was rubbed raw (= until the skin came off) where the rope had been.马脖子上拴过缰绳的地方皮都给磨掉了。■ scuff [transitive] to make a mark on the smooth surface of sth when you rub it against sth rough 磨损，磨坏（光滑表面）◆I scuffed the heel of my shoe on the stonework.我的鞋跟被铺石路面磨坏了。■ graze [transitive] to break the surface of your skin by rubbing it against sth rough 擦伤，擦破（皮肤）◆I fell and grazed my knee.我摔了一跤，擦伤了膝盖。◆He grazed his elbow on a sharp piece of rock.他的手肘被一块尖石划伤了。   see also graze ⇨ injury noun NOTE 辨析 Scrape or graze? Graze is only used to talk about parts of the body; scrape can be used to talk about damaging many types of surface. Scrape places more emphasis on the action; graze places more emphasis on the injury. * graze仅指擦伤身体某部位，scrape可用于多种表面。scrape更强调擦伤的动作，graze更强调所受的损伤。scratch2

verb

 scratch yourself on a nail 在钉子上划了自己一下scratch at an insect bite/a cat scratches 挠被虫叮的包；猫挠人scratch ♦︎ clawThese words both mean to rub or tear sth with claws or nails. 这两个词均表示用爪子或指甲搔、挠、抓。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to scratch / claw at sth◆to scratch / claw sth with sth◆to scratch / claw sb frantically■ scratch [transitive, intransitive] to rub your skin with your nails, usually because it is itching (= making you feel uncomfortable); to cut sb's skin slightly with your nails 挠，搔（痒处）；抓破，抓伤（皮肤）◆John yawned and scratched his chin.约翰打了个哈欠，挠了挠下巴。◆Try not to scratch.尽量别挠。◆She scratched at the insect bites on her arm.她挠了挠胳膊上被虫咬的包。◆She had obviously tried to scratch her attacker.显然她曾试图抓伤袭击她的人。◆Does the cat scratch?这只猫挠人吗？■ claw [intransitive, transitive] to scratch or tear sb/sth with claws (= one of the sharp curved nails on an animal's or bird's foot) or with your fingernails （用爪子或指甲）抓，撕，挠◆The cat was clawing at the leg of the chair.那只猫在抓挠椅子腿。◆She had clawed Stephen across the face.她曾抓过斯蒂芬的脸。ⓘ When it is used to describe people's actions, claw is mostly used in literary writing, and may be used to talk about particularly desperate or violent acts. * claw表示人的行为时主要出现在文学作品中，可指抓扯得特别拼命或粗暴◆She flew at him, clawing blindly with her nails.她朝他扑过去，手指到处乱抓。
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 5023 COCA: 4644

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