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IELTS BNC: 573 COCA: 438
hard adj.
⇨ hard (hard work) ⇨ difficult 1 (hard to believe) ⇨ difficult 2 (a hard life) ⇨ final (hard evidence) ⇨ harsh (a hard winter) ⇨ ruthless (a hard man) ⇨ solid (a hard chair)hard

adjective

hard ♦︎ strenuous ♦︎ arduous ♦︎ gruelling ♦︎ punishingThese words all describe things that need a lot of physical strength or effort. 這些詞均表示做某事是耗費體力的、辛苦的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆hard / strenuous / arduous / gruelling work◆a hard / a strenuous / an arduous climb◆a hard / an arduous / a gruelling journey◆a hard / gruelling / punishing schedule◆a hard / gruelling day■ hard needing a lot of physical strength or mental effort, especially over a period of time 耗費體力（或腦力）的；辛苦的◆It's hard work shovelling snow.鏟雪是個辛苦活兒。◆I've had a long hard day.我度過了漫長辛苦的一天。▸ hard

adverb

◆They work hard at school.他們很用功讀書。◆I trained as hard as I could.我全力苦練。◆You must try harder.你得更加努力。◆She tried her hardest not to show her disappointment.她竭力不流露出自己有多失望。■ strenuous ˈstrenjuəs needing a lot of physical effort and energy; showing great energy and determination 費力的；繁重的；奮力的◆Avoid tasks which require strenuous physical activity.避免從事繁重的體力活動。◆The ship went down although strenuous efforts were made to save it.盡管人們盡了巨大努力去營救這條船，船還是沉了。▸ strenuously

adverb

◆He still works out strenuously every morning.他仍然每天早上勤加鍛煉。◆The government strenuously denies the allegations.政府堅決否認那些說法。■ arduous ˈɑːdjuəs, ˈɑːdʒuəs; NAmE ˈɑːrdʒuəsinvolving a lot of physical or mental effort and energy, especially over a period of time 艱苦的；艱難的；（尤指）漫長艱巨的◆She was now faced with an arduous trek across the mountains.她當時正面對要翻越大山的艱苦行程。◆an arduous task / process艱巨任務；艱難過程NOTE 辨析 Strenuous or arduous? Strenuous activity may require more effort than arduous work, but it may take less time. * strenuous比arduous所表達的活動強度更大，但是持續的時間較短◆The exercise need not take long, but it should be fairly strenuous.做這項鍛煉的時間不需要很長，但應達到一定強度。 ■ gruelling (especially BrE) (NAmE usually grueling) ˈgruːəlɪŋ very difficult and tiring, needing great physical or mental effort over a period of time 使人筋疲力盡的；折磨人的◆a gruelling work schedule累人的工作日程安排◆a sporting event that represents a gruelling test of endurance考驗耐力的體育項目■ punishing (of planned activities) gruelling （活動計劃）艱難持久的，令人疲憊不堪的◆a punishing exercise regime艱苦的訓練規劃◆The president has a punishing schedule for the next six months.總統今後六個月的工作日程十分繁忙。NOTE 辨析 Punishing or gruelling? Punishing is only used for planned activities and collocates only with schedule, programme and regime. * punishing只用於形容活動計劃，僅與schedule、programme和regime等詞搭配。

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