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TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2031 COCA: 2328

fundamental

Word family 
fun·da·men·tal /ˌfʌndəˈmentl◂/ ●●○ W2 AWL adjectiveadj
1  BASICrelating to the most basic and important parts of something 根本的；基本的；基礎的
We have to tackle the fundamental cause of the problem.
我們必須解決問題的根本原因。
fundamental change/difference/distinction/shift etc
a fundamental difference in opinion
看法的根本區别
fundamental mistake/error
Novice programmers sometimes make fundamental errors.
新手程序員有時會犯根本性的錯誤。
the fundamental principles of liberty and equality
自由和平等這兩個基本原則
2  IMPORTANTvery necessary and important 必不可少的；十分重要的
fundamental human rights
基本人權
fundamental to
Water is fundamental to survival.
水是生存所必需的。
n COLLOCATIONS
nouns
a fundamental change
A fundamental change is needed in the voting system.
a fundamental difference
There is no fundamental difference between people of different races.
a fundamental distinction (=a clear difference between two similar things)
A fundamental distinction exists between knowing a fact and understanding it.
a fundamental problem
Charity could not solve the fundamental problem of unemployment.
a fundamental question
To reach a solution several fundamental questions need to be answered.
a fundamental issue
This report raises a number of fundamental issues.
the fundamental reason
The fundamental reason for the project’s failure was the lack of funds.
the fundamental cause
A burst tyre was the fundamental cause of the crash.
a fundamental mistake/error
The government made at least one fundamental mistake when drawing up this legislation.
a fundamental weakness (=fault)
She points out the fundamental weaknesses in his argument.
a fundamental flaw (=fault that makes something imperfect)
There is a fundamental flaw in the current tax system.
fundamental principles (=moral rules or beliefs about what is right and wrong)
Let me state a couple of fundamental principles which we value highly.
phrases
something is of fundamental importance (=it is extremely important)
It is of fundamental importance that justice should be seen to be done.
Examples from the Corpus
fundamental• the fundamental beliefs of Christianity• It is different from any Byzantine architecture in east or west but owes much of its fundamental character to the Byzantine style.• If this treatment changes the fundamental disease process, a prolonged period of remission might be expected in these patients.• Are there fundamental elements of human nature that can not be significantly altered by socialization and institutions?• Tax studies purporting to show that most capital gains tax is paid by higher-income individuals reflect a fundamental error.• Eikmeyer's fundamental insight is that co-operation and non-co-operation are not simply polar opposites along a scale.• This suggested that the fundamental problem of many working class families was one of scarce resources.• Raising your child to tell the difference between right and wrong is one of the fundamental tasks of parenthood.• Water is fundamental to survival.• Meanwhile the population is changing in fundamental ways.
fundamental change/difference/distinction/shift etc• Bagehot's work continued to be regarded as an authoritative work long after the Constitution had undergone fundamental change.• If the leadership of educational institutions is to be effective then a number of fundamental changes are needed.• In this regard, fundamental changes are required in organizational patterns of scientific and technological activities in the region.• But there was a fundamental difference between Macaulay's views and those of Temple.• Begin by facing up to the headlines and statistics of most fundamental change efforts to date.• You have experienced the variety of human motivations stirred up by fundamental change in organizations.• Deciding that enough was enough, Mr Ramsden made some simple but fundamental changes to the credit control process.
fundamental to• Competition is fundamental to keeping prices down.
Origin fundamental
(1400-1500) fundament “basic part” ((13-21 centuries)), from Latin fundus; → FUND1
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2031 COCA: 2328
fundamental

adjective

VERBS | ADVERB | PREPOSITION VERBS➤be, seem是基本；似乎是根本▸➤remain仍然是根本▸➤consider sth, regard sth as認為⋯是根本◇We consider these rights fundamental to democracy.我們認為這些權利是民主的基礎。ADVERB➤really, truly, very必不可少；非常重要◇I think they made a very fundamental mistake.我認為他們犯了一個根本性的錯誤。➤absolutely, quite (especially BrE) 絕對重要；十分根本◇This principle is absolutely fundamental.這項原則絕對重要。➤fairly, rather (especially NAmE) 相當必要PREPOSITION➤to對⋯極其重要◇Improved funding is fundamental to the success of the project.獲得更多的資金對這一項目的成敗至關重要。➤for對⋯來說極其重要◇Low interest rates are fundamental for growth.低利率對增長極其重要。
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2031 COCA: 2328
fundamental

adjective

fundamental ♦︎ underlying ♦︎ radical ♦︎ basic ♦︎ essential ♦︎ elementary ♦︎ ultimate ♦︎ rudimentaryThese words all describe things such as problems and ideas that concern the most basic and important parts of sth. 這些詞均表示根本的、基本的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆fundamental / basic to sth◆a fundamental / an underlying / a radical / a basic / an essential difference / distinction◆a fundamental / an underlying / a radical / a basic change / improvement◆a fundamental / radical / basic approach◆a fundamental / an underlying / a basic / an essential / an elementary rule / principle◆a fundamental / an underlying / a basic / an essential / the ultimate truth◆a fundamental / an underlying / a basic / an essential / the ultimate cause / reason◆a fundamental / an underlying / a basic / an essential assumption / aim / problem / cause / reason / need / weakness◆a fundamental / a basic / an elementary / a rudimentary skill / understanding / knowledge / level◆a fundamental / a basic / an elementary error / mistake■ fundamental ˌfʌndəˈmentl (rather formal, especially written) serious and very important; concerning the most central and important parts of sth; forming the necessary basis of sth 十分重大的；根本的；基本的◆There is a fundamental difference between the two points of view.這兩個觀點有根本區别。◆A fundamental change in the organization of health services was required.公共醫療在組織架構上需要有一個根本性的變革。◆Hard work is fundamental to success.勤奮工作是成功的基礎。  see also fundamentals ⇨ basics ▸ fundamentally

adverb

◆The two approaches are fundamentally different.這兩種處理方法完全不同。◆By the 1960s the situation had changed fundamentally.到20世紀60年代形勢已發生了根本的變化。■ underlying ˌʌndəˈlaɪɪŋ; NAmE ˌʌndərˈlaɪɪŋ [only before noun] (rather formal, especially written) important in a situation but not always easily noticed or stated clearly 根本的；潛在的；隐含的◆The underlying assumption is that the amount of money available is limited.隐含的假定是，可用的資金有限。◆Unemployment may be an underlying cause of the rising crime rate.失業可能是犯罪率攀升的潛在原因。ⓘ Typical collocates of underlying include cause, assumption, reason, motive, trend, theme, problem, reality and aim. * underlying的常見搭配詞有cause、assumption、reason、motive、trend、theme、problem、reality和aim。■ radical ˈrædɪkl [usually before noun] (rather formal, especially written) (of changes or differences) concerning the most central and important parts of sth; thorough and complete （變革或差異）根本的，徹底的；完全的◆There have been demands for radical reform of the law.一直就有對法律進行徹底變革的要求。◆This document marks a radical departure from earlier recommendations.這份文件標志着對先前建議的完全背離。  see also radical ⇨ radical adj. ▸ radically

adverb

◆The new methods are radically different from the old.新方法迥然異於老方法。◆Attitudes have changed radically.態度發生了根本的轉變。NOTE 辨析 Fundamental or radical?A fundamental change or difference is one that involves the whole structure of a system or the principles on which sth is based. A radical change is an important change which has wide-ranging effects. * fundamental指變革或差異涉及一項制度的整體結構或事物的基本原則，radical指變革重大且影響廣泛。■ basic concerning the most central and important parts of sth from which other things develop 基本的；基礎的◆They haven't even given us the most basic information we need.連我們所需要的最基本的信息他們都還未提供。◆During the first term, we will concentrate on the basic principles of law.第一學期我們將着重講授法律的基本原則。◆Drums are basic to African music.鼓是非洲音樂的基本樂器。ⓘ Basic can also be used before a noun to mean 'necessary and important to all people'. * basic用在名詞前亦可表示“必需的、基本需要的”◆Aren't food and shelter basic human rights?享有食物和住所難道不是基本人權嗎？◆The report sets out the cost of basic foods in several European countries.報告陳述了幾個歐洲國家基本食物的費用。   see also basics ⇨ basics ▸ basically

adverb

◆Yes, that's basically correct.對，基本正確。◆There have been some problems but basically it's a good system.雖然出現過一些問題，但從根本上說這仍不失爲一個好系統。■ essential [only before noun] connected with the most important aspect or basic nature of sb/sth 本質的；基本的；根本的◆The essential difference between Sara and me is our attitude to money.我與薩拉的根本區别在於我們對金錢的態度。◆The essential character of the town has been destroyed by the new road.這個城鎮的主要特色被這條新馬路毀了。   see also essence ⇨ nature 1 , essentials ⇨ basics ▸ essentially

adverb

◆There are three essentially different ways of tackling the problem.解決這個問題有三種完全不同的方法。◆The pattern is essentially the same in all cases.這種模式在所有情況下基本相同。NOTE 辨析 Basic or essential? Basic looks at things from a practical point of view, concentrating on what is important in order to do or understand sth. Essential looks at things from a more philosophical point of view, considering the very nature of things and what makes them different from or similar to other things. * basic指從實際的角度看問題，強調在操作或理解上的重點。essential更多從哲學的角度看問題，強調事物的本質及其異於或相似於他者的特征。■ elementary ˌelɪˈmentri (rather formal) concerning the most central and important matters or ideas 基本的；根本性的◆How could you make such an elementary mistake?你怎麽能犯這種根本性錯誤？◆It's an elementary law of economics: the scarcer the commodity, the higher the price.這是經濟學的基本法則：商品越稀缺，價格越高。ⓘ When it is used to talk about education or learning, elementary usually describes a level or a stage in learning a subject. * elementary修飾教育或學習時意思是初級的、基礎的◆I'm taking classes in elementary Italian.我在上意大利語基礎課程。 ■ ultimate [only before noun] from which sth originally comes 根本的；基本的；根源的◆the ultimate truths of philosophy and science哲學和科學的終極原理◆We could not trace the ultimate source of the rumours.我們不可能查出這些謠言的最初源頭。▸ ultimately

adverb

◆All life depends ultimately on oxygen.一切生命歸根到底都要依賴氧氣。■ rudimentary ˌruːdɪˈmentri (formal) concerning only the most basic matters or ideas 基礎的；基本的◆His understanding of the language is very rudimentary.他對這門語言僅有初步的認識。◆They were given only rudimentary training in the job.他們僅僅受過基本的職業訓練。ⓘ Rudimentary most often describes knowledge, understanding, skill or training. * rudimentary最常描述knowledge、understanding、skill或training。
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2031 COCA: 2328
fundamental
Natural, basic and essential: basic, fundamental, natural...
Important: important, major, key...

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