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IELTS BNC: 1556 COCA: 2819

working

Word family 
work·ing1 /ˈwɜːkɪŋ $ ˈwɜːr-/ ●●○ W2 adjectiveadj [only before noun]  
1 
a) WORK FOR somebodyhaving a job that you are paid for 有工作的；有职业的 → employed
 a working mother
在职母亲
 Many working women rely on relatives for childcare.
许多在职妇女靠亲戚照看孩子。
 A smaller working population will have to support a growing number of retired people.
缩减的劳动人口将不得不供养越来越多的退休人员。
b) old-fashionedCLASS IN SOCIETY having a physical or practical job 从事体力劳动的
working man/people/folk
 the ordinary working man
普通劳动者
2  working hours/day/week WORK THAT somebody DOESthe time that people spend doing their job 工作时间/日/周
 In a normal working day, I see around 6 or 7 clients.
一般每个工作日我会见大约六七个客户。
during/outside working hours
 Telephone at any time during normal working hours.
正常工作时间内随时可以来电。
 Many mothers prefer flexible working hours.
许多母亲更喜欢弹性工作时间。
 We do a 37-hour working week.
我们每周工作37小时。
Examples from the Corpus
working hours/day/week• Apparently, too, Rosie enjoyed herself after working hours.• Remember, your spouse may not be used to having you home during working hours.• They took long lunches and went to barbershops, beauty parlors, bathhouses, and tearooms during working hours.• Items must be posted at post office counters in advance of latest recommended posting times for next working day delivery.• They had only three working days in which to prepare the defence against the new charge.• At the end of the working day most of us retreat to families and/or partners and play other parts.• These, as we now know, involve everything from environmental considerations to limits on the working hours of employees.• The whole operation was based on 50 journeys or rounds, one for each vehicle on every working day of the week.
3  working day a day of the week when most people work. In Britain and the US this is usually Monday to Friday 工作日〔英美国家一般为星期一至星期五〕 SYN workday
 It will be returned within three working days (=three days, not including weekends or public holidays).
将于三个工作日之内退还。
Examples from the Corpus
working day• Since the scheme was introduced, only motorists with special passes are allowed to use Ipswich Street during the working day.• They proceed not to turn up on Monday, the next working day.• In many areas the Hearing is held on the first working day after the removal of the child.• This downward trend was so significant during this period that the average working day fell by around 1 hour.• As if to signal that the working day was about to begin, the telephone rang.• A massive 3,324, working days were lost because of depressive illnesses between and in Northern Ireland alone.• Additional reports e.g. showing approved entries and responsible lexicographer, will be produced within one working day when required.
4  working conditions/environment etc BECthe situation in which you work, especially the physical things such as pay or safety 工作条件/环境等
 improvements in working conditions
工作条件的改善
Examples from the Corpus
working conditions/environment etc• Complete the following exercise on working conditions.• The working environment is conducive to the achievement of excellence and the work is intellectually challenging.• This made working conditions most unpleasant, the nets becoming wet and heavy to handle.• Unhappy with the working environment, she decided to quit the job to pursue her interest in alternative therapy.• Protected by their enormous allowances and comfortable working conditions, they feel free to carry on behaving how they wish.• Her interest in socialism or Bryant & May working conditions was perfunctory.• For many people real wages fell and working conditions worsened.
5  working practices/methods the way in which you do your job 工作惯例/方法
 training in up-to-date working practices
最新工作惯例的培训
Examples from the Corpus
working practices/methods• But it will coincide with political pressure for doctors to accept fundamental changes in their working practices.• However, only 44% had changed their working practices.• Their work allowed them to identify working methods and the characteristics of particular ateliers.• The courses, examinations and working practices have been based on their perceptions.• Those familiar with the work and working methods of Frank Auerbach may find all this oddly familiar.• The accident happened because of a culture in which working practices were not checked, Whitehaven magistrates heard.• New working practices would be introduced once passenger services were privatised which would be more flexible.
6  working life the part of your adult life when you have a paid job 工作生涯
 He spent all his working life in a factory.
他在一家工厂干了一辈子。
Examples from the Corpus
working life• But all teachers are concerned about their own level of stress, and how to lead a satisfying working life.• Objectives for Care outlines practical applications for nurses to use in their everyday working lives.• The noise, the abuse, the grimness are everyday parts of their working life.• They could anticipate earning a decent, middle-class wage there for most of their working lives.• What do I want out of my working life?• Both procedures reflect current government policy concerns with increasing vocationalism and preparation for working life at the pre-16 stage.• Your working life can go back as far as April 1936, but not further.• Deborah Manley trained as a social worker but has spent most of her working life in publishing.
7  (in) working order WORKING/NOT BROKENworking properly and not broken 正常地运转
be in good/perfect/full etc working order
 The car was old, but the engine was still in good working order.
这汽车虽旧，但引擎仍然运转正常。
 the amount of exercise needed to keep your body in working order
保持身体健康所需的运动量
Examples from the Corpus
(in) working order• Oxygen, suction and emergency equipment must be at hand and in working order. 2.• Controllers regained contact with the satellite after three anxious hours, and discovered that it appeared to be in full working order.• Every lock in the house is in perfect working order.• There had been some hints in the latter part of the nineteenth century that the machine was not in perfect working order.• You did have to keep it clean and in good working order.• The tenant need not pay rent until the business premises are put back in working order again.• Hall of Power - a range of engines and heavy machinery, most of which are in working order and operated daily.• These older tankers require continuous maintenance to keep them in good, safe working order at sea.
8  working relationship WORK/DO WORKthe way that people work together 工作关系
working relationship with/between
 They want to establish a better working relationship between medical and nursing staff.
他们希望在医护人员之间建立更好的工作关系。
good/close/effective etc working relationship
 We have a close working relationship with other voluntary groups.
我们和其他志愿团体之间有密切的合作关系。
Examples from the Corpus
working relationship• This strategic transition required many people throughout the company to change specific skills, behaviors, and working relationships.• The assessment panels have contributed to a better working relationship between guidance staff and other members of staff.• Are working relationships defined and public?• Relationship building with fellow-workers Your most important working relationship is with your immediate superior.• And yet the effective auditor needs to understand management and to have a close working relationship with the managers.• Many observers expect Hutchison to endorse Dole because of her working relationship with the Senate majority leader.• It is these processes which provide the principles for staff management and enhance the quality of working relationships within the organisation.
9  a working knowledge of something KNOW somethingenough knowledge of a system, subject, language etc to be able to use it or to do a particular job 足以应付〔特定〕工作的…方面的知识
 A good working knowledge of the building regulations is necessary for the job.
熟知建筑规程对这份工作来说是必要的。
Examples from the Corpus
a working knowledge of something• Andy has a good working knowledge of accounting practices.• Ideally, you will have a degree in engineering or science with a working knowledge of heat transfer mechanisms.• Lambert was himself a skilled administrator, with a working knowledge of sanitary reform.• In this case, having a working knowledge of the types of microcomputer available will be important.• Those who supervise clerical supervisors must have a working knowledge of word processing, communications, data processing, and recordkeeping.
10. working clothes  (also work clothes)DCC clothes which you wear for work or are designed for people to work in 工作服
Examples from the Corpus
working clothes• As he approached them, Mungo could see that they wore blue uniform trousers under their working clothes.• But she had to turn up at Maggie's school in her working clothes.• They went from the workplace into the canteen, they sat and opened their lunchboxes in their working clothes.• They woke on Sunday morning and people wre going to church ... they daren't be seen in their working clothes.• In fact I felt rather a lout in my working clothes among the elegant gathering.• Jonadab was not to be hurried and methodically finished changing into his working clothes before putting in an appearance.• Still clad in her tattered working clothes, her wellingtons pumped away assiduously to give the instrument the breath it required.
11. working model MOVE something OR somebodya model that has parts that move 工作模型
Examples from the Corpus
working model• For 300 years or more our science has omitted any human attributes that may impinge upon or impede its mechanistic working model.• The Base was a closed system, like a tiny working model of Earth itself, recycling all the chemicals of life.• Behind him on a finely carved desk was a gleaming working model of the St Petersburg-Cannes Express constructed in pearls and amethysts.• Simulation techniques have been developed to allow scientists and planners to build working models of the systems which they are studying.• When I was about four years of age, he made a working model roundabout with galloping horses.• My aim was always to build working models that I could control.
12. working parts MOVE something OR somebodythe parts of a machine that move 〔机器的〕活动部件
Examples from the Corpus
working parts• They do not, at least by biological standards, have intricate working parts.• It still retains all its working parts and would require only minimum repairs to put it into full working order.• He had, Edouard saw, a technical mind, and loved to see how working parts fitted together.• The working parts of a digital watch.• The neo-biological approach is to assemble software from working parts, while continuously testing and correcting the software as it grows.
13. working definition/theory/title USE somethinga definition, idea etc that may not be exactly right but is good enough to use when you start working on something 初步的定义/理论/题目
Examples from the Corpus
working definition/theory/title• Despite the difficulties, the teacher needs a rough working definition.• Like I say, it's just a working title.• The Household of Faith was Brideshead's working title.• A useful working definition has been provided by the Department of Trade and Industry in Britain.• A pragmatist judge will find room in his working theory of as if legal rights for some doctrine of precedent.• Is that a reasonable working definition of Paradise?• As a working theory this is impregnable, whether considered sceptically or superstitiously.• We can, however, offer a very general working definition, which seems to feature in most discussions.
14. working majority British EnglishBrE enough support in parliament for a government to continue making laws and ruling a country 〔议会中支持政府的〕有效多数
Examples from the Corpus
working majority• None gave the Tories a hope of being elected with a working majority.• The debate was acrimonious, with opposition parties denouncing Shamir's deals with defectors from other parties to win his working majority.• With the support of various independents, they gave the General a solid working majority.• The working majority achieved by the Conservatives removed that worry.• Since then, Labour has never won a secure working majority at any election.• Without its support the coalition will not have a working majority in parliament.• Together the four parties had 191 seats, a working majority of 11.• However, a second election took place in September of that year, which gave him a pathetic working majority of four.
15. working breakfast/lunch/dinner BBa breakfast, lunch etc which is also a business meeting 工作早餐/午餐/晚餐
Examples from the Corpus
working breakfast/lunch/dinner• The real business gets done at working lunches and small dinner parties.• Gannon explained recently during a working lunch downtown.• The afternoon rehearsal started late because Meredith was at a working lunch in Rose's office.• You might then have a working dinner with a business speaker.• He has working lunches with his team to discuss and develop their approach to managing people for profit.
16. working memory technical the part of a person’s or computer’s memory which stores information about the thing being worked on now 〔人的〕工作记忆；〔计算机的〕暂存器
Examples from the Corpus
working memory• From that, you might be able to reconstitute the activity present during working memory.• If this were the case there would be no need for a working memory.• The system is then being driven by working memory.• Studies of working memory in animals may seem to be rather remote from the standard, acquired distinctiveness procedure.• It is not clear whether this articulation makes use of the working memory system or is independent.• The speech left provides for an internal speech code which passes through a working memory system where it can be examined.• Unless we attend to the words which have been placed into working memory, they will not be retained.
Examples from the Corpus
working• At 87, he's the oldest working baker in Britain ... and an inspiration to his customers and colleagues.• Most significant was an increase in working capital and an increase in labour inputs consequent on the technological changes introduced.• On the other hand, don't let your working folder become cluttered up with papers you are not using.• an ordinary working man• a working mother• I keep some of the toys on display in working order for my grandchildren to play with.• At the time of going to press the working party's document is still awaited.• The picture of the working population of West Ham emerging from these data is one dominated by unskilled male manual workers.• The Household of Faith was Brideshead's working title.
working women• Also patron of converts and working women.• Children were not the only dependents of working women.• For the Government in general and the Employment Secretary in particular seem to have little idea about the problems of working women.• More than half of working women are aged 25 to 44; more than seven in 10 are in the labor force.• Olwen Hufton observes that outside domestic service single working women had difficulty surviving on their wages.• She liked the mail-order concept, saying that working women have less and less time to shop at stores.• Little-known fact: there were 200,000 single working women here before the end of the nineteenth century.• Will my hon. Friend consider allowing working women in such circumstances a greater disregard?
Related topics: Industry
working2 noun  
1  the workings [plural]WORKING/NOT BROKEN the way something such as a system, piece of equipment, or organization works 〔系统、设备、组织等的〕工作方式，运行方式
Examples from the Corpus
working of• Her skills were essential to the smooth working of the business.• Grigg's book gives us insight into the workings of the Pentagon.
2. flexible/short-time etc working a particular way of working, especially relating to the hours which someone works 弹性/短工时等工作制
Examples from the Corpus
flexible/short-time etc working• Meanwhile, solicitors were last week urged to consider flexible working for staff in line with the government's family friendly policies.• Recruitment procedures focus on individual skills and potential for flexible working.• Through grants to local authorities, we are financing schemes to introduce more flexible working practices - such as job sharing.• An outside problem can sometimes be helped by, say, more flexible working hours and so be resolved at management level.• Flexible Hours Question: Has consideration been given to the introduction of flexible working hours?• Vauxhall bosses admit that the threat of short-time working at Ellesmere Port still remains a possibility.• Earnings might vary because of piece-work, overtime or short-time working.• Wage freezes have been brought in across most of the company and some short-time working introduced.
3. [countableC usually plural]TI a mine or part of a mine where soil has been dug out in order to remove metals or stone 矿坑；（矿内）工作区 → quarry
Examples from the Corpus
working• In some cases metals are actually strengthened by this process, which is known as cold working.• Your serious working on filming music goes back to the 1960s?
From Longman Business Dictionary
workingwork·ing /ˈwɜːkɪŋˈwɜːr-/ adjectiveadj [only before a noun]
1working people have jobs that they are paid for
What will the effect of the tax changes be on working couples?
In the U.K., less than 3% of the working population are now employed in agriculture.
→ see also remote working, SHORT-TIME WORKING
2a working man or woman does physical work, rather than work in management or administration
an ordinary working man
3HUMAN RESOURCESworking conditions or practices are ones that you have in your job
Workers want better pay and working conditions.
Productivity is up 18% since a new labor pact last year swept away decades-old working practices.
4HUMAN RESOURCESyour working day, week etc is the period of time when you are doing your job
Working hours are flexible here and the dress is casual.
We want a shorter working day.
5working breakfast/lunch/dinner a breakfast, lunch etc that is also a business meeting
6be in (good) working order to be working properly and not broken
He agreed to buy back the $130,000 machine, which he says is in good working order.
work·ing1 adjectiveadj
→10-16

working2 noun
Chinese
Syllable
Corpus

See also: work

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