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TOEFL IELTS BNC: 645 COCA: 687
represent verb
⇨ represent 1 (represent a major breakthrough in AIDS research) ⇨ represent 2 (represent sb's views/the idea of peace) ⇨ present 2 (a diagram represents sth)represent1

verb

 represent a major breakthrough in AIDS research 是艾滋病研究的重大突破represent sb's views/good qualities/the idea of peace 代表某人的看法／优良品质／和平理念represent ♦︎ constitute ♦︎ pose ♦︎ amount to sth ♦︎ come down to sth ♦︎ add up to sthThese words all mean to be considered to be sth or to result in sth. 这些词均表示相当于、意味着、导致。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to represent / constitute / pose / amount to a challenge / threat◆to represent / constitute / pose a problem / danger / risk◆to represent / constitute / amount to a / an failure / increase / breach◆to represent / constitute an achievement / improvement◆a / an result / activity / action represents / constitutes sth◆It all amounts to / comes down to / adds up to sth.■ represent

linking verb

 (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) (rather formal, written) to be sth; to be the result of sth 相当于；意味着；是⋯的结果◆This contract represents 20% of the company's annual revenue.这份合同相当于公司20%的年收入。◆These results represent a major breakthrough in AIDS research.这些结果是艾滋病研究的重大突破。◆The peace plan represents (= is the result of) weeks of negotiation.这个和平计划是数周谈判的成果。■ constitute ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt; NAmE ˈkɑːnstətuːt

linking verb

 (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) (formal) to be sth; to be considered to be sth 相当于；意味着；被算作◆Does such an activity constitute a criminal offence?这样的活动也算刑事犯罪吗？◆The increase in racial tension constitutes a threat to our society.种族间紧张状态的升级是对我们社会的一种威胁。NOTE 辨析 Represent or constitute? Represent is used especially with words relating to change. * represent尤与变化有关的词连用◆This represents a change / a break / a shift / a departure / a turning point / an improvement / an increase / a reduction / a decline.这是一个变化／一个中断／一个转变／一种背离／一个转折点／一种进步；这表示增加／减少／下降。 Constitute is used more to talk about dangerous or negative situations or acts. * constitute尤用于谈论危险或负面的情况或行为◆This constitutes a threat / danger / crime / breach / nuisance / weakness / refusal.这构成了威胁／危险／犯罪／违反／妨害；这被视为一种缺点／拒绝。 ■ pose [transitive] to be or create a problem or threat that has to be dealt with 造成，引起，产生（问题或威胁）◆The task poses no special problems.这项任务不会造成特别的问题。◆Pollutants in the river pose a real risk to the fish.河里的污染物对鱼类构成了真正威胁。■ aˈmount to sth

phrasal verb

 [no passive] (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) (rather formal) to be equal to or the same as sth 等于；相当于◆Her answer amounted to a complete refusal.她的答复等于一口拒绝。◆Their actions amount to a breach of contract.他们的行为已属违反合同。◆We were jailed for a week－well, confined to quarters, but it amounted to the same thing.我们坐了一个星期的牢，哦，是被关了禁闭，不过反正都是一回事。ⓘ Amount to sth is often used in relation to offences in law. * amount to sth常用于与违法有关的语境◆This amounts to dismissal / contempt of court / abuse / discrimination / obstruction / assault.这等同于解雇／藐视法庭／虐待／歧视／阻碍／袭击。 ■ ˌcome ˈdown to sth

phrasal verb

(came, come) [no passive] (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) (rather informal) to be able to be explained by a single important point 可归结为；可归纳为◆What it comes down to is, either I get more money or I leave.归结起来就是：不给我加薪，我就辞职。■ ˌadd ˈup to sth

phrasal verb

 [no passive] (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) to lead to a particular result; to show sth 结果是；表示◆These clues don't really add up to very much (= give us very little information).这些线索实际上说明不了什么问题。represent2

verb

 represent a major breakthrough in AIDS research 是艾滋病研究的重大突破represent sb's views/good qualities/the idea of peace 代表某人的看法／优良品质／和平理念represent ♦︎ embody ♦︎ symbolize ♦︎ exemplify ♦︎ typify ♦︎ epitomizeThese words all mean to be an example or expression of sth. 这些词均表示代表着、体现。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆to be embodied / exemplified / typified / epitomized in sth◆to represent / embody / symbolize / epitomize the spirit / essence of sth◆to represent / embody / exemplify an idea / ideal◆to represent / embody / exemplify a principle◆to exemplify / typify / epitomize a / an problem / approach◆to clearly represent / embody / symbolize / exemplify / typify sth■ represent [transitive, no passive] (rather formal) to be an example or expression of an idea, quality or opinion 代表着，体现（理念、品质或观点）◆The project represents all that is good in the community.这项工程充分体现了社区的美好。◆Those comments do not represent the views of us all.那些言论并不代表我们所有人的看法。◆The artist uses doves to represent peace.艺术家用鸽子代表和平。   see also representation ⇨ description ■ embody ɪmˈbɒdi; NAmE ɪmˈbɑːdi [transitive] (not usually used in the progressive tenses 通常不用于进行时) (rather formal) (especially of a person) to give a visible form to an idea, quality or feeling （尤指人）具体表现，体现，代表（观念、品质或感情）◆a politician who embodied the hopes of black youth代表黑人青年希望的政治家◆We want to build a national team that embodies competitive spirit and skill.我们想创建一支能体现竞争精神和高竞技水平的国家队。   see also embodiment ⇨ example 2 ■ symbolize (BrE also symbolise) [transitive] (not usually used in the progressive tenses 通常不用于进行时) (of a person, object, quality, event or action) to represent a more general quality or situation （人、物品、品质、事件或行动）象征，代表◆The use of light and dark symbolizes good and evil.用光明与黑暗来象征善与恶。◆He came to symbolize his country's struggle for independence.他逐渐成为祖国独立运动的象征。   see also symbol ⇨ sign 1 NOTE 辨析 Represent, embody or symbolize?Sometimes you can use any of these words, especially when you are talking about a person. 这些词有时可通用，尤其是谈论人时◆He came to represent / embody / symbolize his country's struggle for independence.他逐渐成为祖国独立运动的象征。 Embody is the most physical and visual of these words and is used to talk about real people becoming the basis for other people's hopes: the qualities that sb embodies are always good qualities. Symbolize is often more abstract (= existing as an idea rather than as a physical reality), and can be used to talk about objects or things, such as a dove (= a type of bird) being used to give the idea of peace, but it is a picture or idea of a dove, not a particular dove that really exists. Represent is the most general of these words: it can be used to mean embody or symbolize or it can simply mean 'express'. 这些词中embody最为具体和形象，指真实的人肩负他人的希望。embody总是指体现某些优良品质。symbolize往往指体现较为抽象的理念，可用于谈论物品或事物，如用鸽子代表和平的理念，但象征物是鸽子的图片或概念，而非特指某只真实的鸽子。represent在这些词中含义最宽泛，可表示embody或symbolize的意思，或指“表达”◆The comments represent the views of the majority.这些意见表达了大多数人的看法。 ■ exemplify ɪgˈzemplɪfaɪ [transitive, often passive] (not usually used in the progressive tenses 通常不用于进行时) (formal) to be a good example of sth 是⋯的典型（或典范、榜样）◆Her early work is exemplified in her book, 'A Study of Children's Minds'.《儿童思维研究》一书是她早期的代表作。◆His food exemplifies Italian cooking at its best.他的菜肴体现了意大利烹饪的精髓。   see also example ⇨ example 2 ■ typify ˈtɪpɪfaɪ [transitive] (not usually used in the progressive tenses 通常不用于进行时) (rather formal) to be a typical example of sth; to be a typical feature of sth 是⋯的典型（或典范）；是⋯的典型特征◆These are clothes that typify the 1960s.这些是20世纪60年代的典型服装。◆There's a new style of politician, typified by the Prime Minister.出现了一种以首相为代表的新型政治家。■ epitomize (BrE also epitomise) ɪˈpɪtəmaɪz [transitive] (not usually used in the progressive tenses 通常不用于进行时) (rather formal) to be a perfect example of sth 是⋯的典范（或典型）◆The fighting qualities of the team are epitomized by the captain.这个队的拼搏品质集中体现在队长身上。◆These movies seem to epitomize the 1950s.这些影片似乎是20世纪50年代的缩影。   see also epitome ⇨ example 2 NOTE 辨析 Exemplify, typify or epitomize?Something can exemplify an idea or sb's work. Something can typify or epitomize a mood, style or atmosphere, especially of a particular time or place. Epitomize suggests that you cannot imagine a more typical example of sth. Typify is more neutral, and suggests that the example you are giving has all the usual qualities or features of a particular time, place or type of person or thing. * exemplify指体现某种观念或某人的工作。typify或epitomize尤指体现某段时期或某地的情绪、风格或氛围。epitomize意味着最为典型，是最佳体现。typify较为中性，意味着给出的例子非常典型。

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