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BNC: 20 COCA: 30

by

Word family 
by1 /baɪ/ ●●● S1 W1 prepositionprep → buy, bye
1  XXwho/what does STH 由誰/什麽做某事 used especially with a passive verb to say who or what does something or makes something happen 被，由〔尤與被動語態動詞連用〕
I was attacked by a dog.
我被一條狗襲擊。
a church designed by the famous architect, Sir Christopher Wren
著名建築師克裏斯托弗·雷恩爵士設計的一座教堂
We are all alarmed by the rise in violent crime.
我們都對暴力罪案的增加感到憂慮。
interference by the state in the affairs of the Church
國家對教會事務的幹預
his appointment by the BBC as a producer
英國廣播公司委任他爲制片人
2  WAY/METHODmeans/method 方式/方法 used to say what means or method someone uses to do something 通過，使用
You can reserve the tickets by phone.
你可以通過電話訂票。
Send it by airmail.
用航空郵件把它寄走。
Some customers prefer to pay by cheque.
有些客戶喜歡用支票支付。
by car/train/bus/taxi etc
They travelled to Chicago by train.
他們乘火車去芝加哥。
by air/sea/land/road/rail etc
All supplies are transported by air.
補給品全部空運。
by doing something
She earns her living by selling insurance.
她以推銷保險爲生。
He was taken from his home by force.
他被人從家裏強行帶走。
3  XXroad/door 道路/門 used to say which road, entrance, door etc someone uses to get to a place 經由〔…路、入口、門等〕
They came in by the back door.
他們從後門進來。
It’s quicker to go by the country route.
走鄉村小路更快。
4  XXtaking hold 抓住 used to say which part of an object or of a person’s body someone takes hold of 抓着〔物體或身體的某個部位〕
He took Elaine by the arm and led her across the road.
他攙着伊萊恩的胳膊，領她過馬路。
She grabbed the hammer by the handle.
她抓着錘子的柄。
5  COME FROM/ORIGINATEwriter/composer etc 作家/作曲家等 used to give the name of someone who wrote a book, produced a film, wrote a piece of music etc 由…所作
the ‘New World symphony’ by Dvorak
德沃夏克所作的《新世界交響曲》
a short story by Charles Dickens
查爾斯·狄更斯寫的一個短篇小說
Who’s it by?
這是誰的作品？
6  NEXT TObeside 在旁邊 beside or near something 靠近，在…旁邊
She stood by the window.
她站在窗邊。
Jane went and sat by Patrick.
簡走過去坐在帕特裏克身旁。
7  NEXT TOpast 經過 past someone or something without stopping 經過
He walked right by me without even saying hello.
他徑直從我身邊走過，連招呼都不打。
I pass by the farm every day on my way to work.
我每天上班都要經過這個農場。
8  BEFOREbefore 在…之前 before or not later than a particular time 在…之前，不遲於
The documents need to be ready by next Friday.
文件必須在下星期五之前準備好。
I reckon the film should be over by 9.30.
我估計電影9點半應該結束了。
By the end of the day we had sold over 2,000 tickets.
一天下來我們賣出了2,000多張票。
By the time we got home we were tired and hungry.
回到家的時候，我們已經又累又餓了。
► see thesaurus at before
9  DEPEND/IT DEPENDSaccording to 根據 according to a particular rule, method, or way of doing things 按照，依據
You’ve got to play by the rules.
你必須按規則比賽。
Profits were £6 million, but by our standards this is low.
利潤有600萬英鎊，但按照我們的標準，這算是少的。
10  XXchange/difference 變化/差異 used to say how great a change or difference is 〔用於表示變化或差異的程度〕
The price of oil fell by a further $2 a barrel.
每桶油價又下跌了兩美元。
I was overcharged by £3.
我被多收了3英鎊。
Godard’s first film was better by far (=by a large amount or degree).
戈達爾的第一部電影要好得多。
11  SIZEmeasurements 尺寸 used to give the measurements of a room, container etc 乘〔用於表示房間、容器等的大小〕
a room 15 metres by 23 metres
一間15米寬23米長的房間
12  XXquantity 數量 used to show what unit of measurement or quantity is involved in selling, paying for, producing etc something 按，以〔用於表示量度單位〕
Eggs are sold by the dozen.
雞蛋按打出售。
We’re paid by the hour.
我們按小時計酬。
She wanted to tear his hair out by the handful.
她真想一把扯下他的頭發。
13  XXgradual change 逐漸的變化 used to say that something happens gradually 〔用於表示某事漸漸發生〕
Day by day, he grew weaker.
他一天比一天虛弱。
Little by little, I was beginning to discover the truth about Garfield.
漸漸地，我對加菲爾德的真實情況開始有所了解。
One by one, the men stepped forward.
那些人一個一個走上前來。
14  XXquick change 迅速的變化 used to say that something or someone is quickly becoming worse, better etc 〔用於表示某事物或某人迅速地變壞、變好等〕
The financial crisis was growing more serious by the hour.
金融危機每時每刻都在加劇。
15  DURINGlight 光線 used to say that something happens in a particular kind of light 借着〔某種光線〕
We walked through the palace gardens by moonlight.
我們借着月光穿過禦花園。
16  by day/night DURINGduring the day or the night 在日間/在夜間
a tour of Paris by night
夜遊巴黎
Examples from the Corpus
by day/night• Very often bream have remarkably fixed movements and follow the same watery paths day by day.• As the war proceeded, however, several started operating by night and with all the lights blacked out.• He slept more than any other president, whether by day or by night.• Look at the teamster on the highway, wending to market by day or night; does any divinity stir within him?• On the Earth there is regularly more evaporation - effusions of water vapour from the surface - by day than by night.• At my home in Tucson, summer days that reach I1O0F may be followed by nights that drop to 700F.• The legend concerns three builders of a castle who found that the work they did by day was undone by night.
17  XXjob/nature etc 工作/性質等 used when you are giving information about someone’s character, job, origin etc 〔用於說明某人的性格、工作、出身等〕
George I and George II were Germans by birth.
喬治一世和喬治二世是德國血統。
Cautious by nature, Simpkin was reluctant to interfere.
辛普金天性謹慎，不願意出面幹預。
Robert Key was a teacher by profession.
羅伯特·基的職業是教師。
18  VISITvisiting 拜訪 in order to visit a person or place for a short time 在…停留
On the way, I stopped by the post office.
路上我順便去了一下郵局。
19  (all) by yourself 
a) ALONEcompletely alone 單獨，獨自一人
Dave spent Christmas all by himself.
戴夫一個人過聖誕節。
b) without help from anyone 獨力地，一個人地
You can’t move the furniture all by yourself.
你一個人是搬不動家具的。
Examples from the Corpus
(all) by yourself• Dave spent Christmas all by himself.• Stanford... well, Stanford is in a class by itself.• Do you think you can move the couch by yourself?• Katherine made the cookies all by herself.• Our car was half full, and we were assigned to a row by ourselves.• She'd managed that all by herself.• He came at once, by himself, as she had asked.• The land by itself could not support the population.• You can't go home by yourself in the dark.• Similarly, Spong believes that homosexuality, by itself, is not a sin.• One proposal by itself was anathema; the two together were poison.
20  COUNT/CALCULATEmultiplying/dividing 乘/除 used between two numbers when talking about multiplying or dividing 乘以；除以
What’s 48 divided by 4?
48除以4等於多少？
21  XXemphasis 強調 used when expressing strong feelings or making serious promises 對…發誓〔表示強烈的情感或莊嚴的承諾〕
By God, I’ll kill that boy when I see him!
我對上帝發誓，我要是看見那小子，非殺了他不可！
22  BABY/HAVE A BABYfather 父親 if a woman has children by a particular man, that man is the children’s father 與〔某男子〕所生
She’s got two children by her previous husband.
她和前夫生有兩個孩子。
23  by the by spokenMENTION used when mentioning something that may be interesting but is not particularly important 順便說一下
By the by, Ian said he might call round tonight.
順便告訴你，伊恩說他也許今天晚上會過來。
→ by the way at way1
Examples from the Corpus
by the by• By the by, John might come over tonight.• But that's by the by.
 USAGE: By, with
By is used, especially after passive verbs, to say who or what does something: by 尤用於被動語態動詞之後，表示何人或何物做了某事
The article was written by a university professor.
這篇文章是一位大學教授寫的。
She was hit by a truck.
她被卡車撞了。
With is used after verbs that describe a state rather than an action: with 用於描述狀態而不是行爲的動詞之後
The books were covered with dust.
這些書上滿是灰塵。
Her house is always filled with music.
她家中總是充滿了音樂聲。
✗Don't say:
covered by dust | filled by music
By is used to say what means or method someone uses to do something: by 用於表示某人采用何種方式或方法來做某事
He replied by email.
他用電子郵件回複了。
With is used to say what tool is used to do something: with 用於說明使用何種工具來做某事
Clean the surface thoroughly with a wire brush.
用鋼絲刷把表面徹底清洗一下。
✗Don't say: by a wire brush
Examples from the Corpus
by• I was overcharged by $3.• I'll be home by 6.30, I promise.• By 9.00, most of the guests had arrived.• I'll be home by 9:30.• Jim was bitten by a dog.• Colette is French by birth.• Please try to have this done by Friday.• By God, we actually did it!• Ann has two children by her ex-husband.• I go by John's place on my way to work; I can pick him up.• By law, cars cannot pass a school bus while it is stopped.• It's fine by me if you want to go.• He walked by me without saying hello.• "Hamlet" was written by Shakespeare.• Doris came in by the back door.• I picked the pot up by the handle.• Most restaurant workers are paid by the hour.• Everyone is worried by the rise in violent crime.• I saw him standing by the window.• Profits were $6 million, but by their standards this is low.
by doing something• Caroline earns extra money by babysitting.
by far• In the tropics, for example, malaria is by far a bigger killer.• Worse by far, he thought Freud was talking about structures rather than processes.• Chain superstores are crowded, yet the fastest-growing sales sector by far is on the Internet.• Reading was by far my favorite activity as a child.• But the most dramatic by far of the failures of deregulation involved the savings and loans.• I felt that until Colin Cameron was sent off we were by far the better side.• Low turnout may benefit Buchanan, whose fervent backers are by far the most committed.• This final stretch, a 4,000-foot ascent over 13 winding miles, is by far the most daunting.• Half of the people were in California, by far the most populous and modern of the western states.
by2 ●●● S1 W1 adverbadv
1  PASS/GO PASTpast someone or something 〔由旁邊〕經過
As I was standing on the platform, the Liverpool train went whizzing by.
我站在月台上，開往利物浦的火車飛馳而過。
James walked by without even looking in my direction.
詹姆斯走了過去，甚至沒有朝我這邊看。
2  used to say that time passes 〔時間〕過去
As the summer days slipped by, it was easy to forget about the war.
夏天悄悄過去，戰爭很快就被人遺忘了。
Ten years had gone by since I had last seen Marilyn.
我已經有十年沒有見到瑪麗蓮了。
3  NEXT TObeside or near someone or something 在旁邊，在附近
A crowd of people were standing by, waiting for an announcement.
一群人站在旁邊等待消息公布。
4 visiting 拜訪 VISITin order to visit a person or place for a short time 短暫訪問
Why don’t you stop by for a drink after work?
下班後過來喝一杯怎麽樣？
5  by and large used when making a general statement 大體上，一般地說，總的說來
By and large, the new arrangements have worked well.
總的來說，新的安排很好。
Examples from the Corpus
by and large• Society seems bitter turmoil, by and large.• You know, opposites of each other by and large.• The reproducible arts of photography and printmaking still remain, by and large, categorised as lesser arts.• Also, he worked, by and large, in second-rank bands.• Hodgkin, by and large, just looks as if he's strayed in here and is making lots of noise.• By and large, most of the people in the town work at the factory.• But the truth was that, by and large, the research university focuses its collective intelligence on other matters.• And by and large, they do a fine job.• But as valuable as animals are, they have a serious drawback: by and large, they hate alcohol.
6  by and by SOON old use soon 不久，很快
She will be better by and by.
她很快就會好起來的。
Examples from the Corpus
by and by• I was promised the pie in the sky by and by.• It will come all the easier to like him by and by when we are all together.
Examples from the Corpus
by• I lay on the grass and watched the clouds floating by.• As we talk, Dolph Lundgren waddles by.• Three hours went by before we heard any news.• The weedy water slid by between him and the shoals and ledges.• One or two cars went by, but nobody stopped.• As Ahab and the crew pass it by from day to day they ponder its meaning.• There are lots of spots close together around the city centre, then many more close by in a car.• One woman reported seeing a man go by on a motorcycle.• A high school couple walked by, talking ofJesus.
by-, bye- /baɪ/ prefix
XXless important 較不重要的
a by-product (=something made in addition to the main product)
副産品
a by-election (=one held between regular elections)
補缺選舉
Examples from the Corpus
by-• a byproduct
Origin by-
by
 by1
Old English be, bi
by1 prepositionprep
→10-23

→USAGE1by2 adverbadvby- prefix
Corpus
BNC: 20 COCA: 30
BNC: 20 COCA: 30
BNC: 20 COCA: 30

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