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TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2031 COCA: 2328

fundamental

Word family 
fun·da·men·tal /ˌfʌndəˈmentl◂/ ●●○ W2 AWL adjectiveadj  
1  BASICrelating to the most basic and important parts of something 根本的；基本的；基础的
 We have to tackle the fundamental cause of the problem.
我们必须解决问题的根本原因。
fundamental change/difference/distinction/shift etc
 a fundamental difference in opinion
看法的根本区别
fundamental mistake/error
 Novice programmers sometimes make fundamental errors.
新手程序员有时会犯根本性的错误。
 the fundamental principles of liberty and equality
自由和平等这两个基本原则
2  IMPORTANTvery necessary and important 必不可少的；十分重要的
 fundamental human rights
基本人权
fundamental to
 Water is fundamental to survival.
水是生存所必需的。
n COLLOCATIONS
nouns
a fundamental change
A fundamental change is needed in the voting system.
a fundamental difference
There is no fundamental difference between people of different races.
a fundamental distinction (=a clear difference between two similar things)
A fundamental distinction exists between knowing a fact and understanding it.
a fundamental problem
Charity could not solve the fundamental problem of unemployment.
a fundamental question
To reach a solution several fundamental questions need to be answered.
a fundamental issue
This report raises a number of fundamental issues.
the fundamental reason
The fundamental reason for the project’s failure was the lack of funds.
the fundamental cause
A burst tyre was the fundamental cause of the crash.
a fundamental mistake/error
The government made at least one fundamental mistake when drawing up this legislation.
a fundamental weakness (=fault)
She points out the fundamental weaknesses in his argument.
a fundamental flaw (=fault that makes something imperfect)
There is a fundamental flaw in the current tax system.
fundamental principles (=moral rules or beliefs about what is right and wrong)
Let me state a couple of fundamental principles which we value highly.
phrases
something is of fundamental importance (=it is extremely important)
It is of fundamental importance that justice should be seen to be done.
Examples from the Corpus
fundamental• the fundamental beliefs of Christianity• It is different from any Byzantine architecture in east or west but owes much of its fundamental character to the Byzantine style.• If this treatment changes the fundamental disease process, a prolonged period of remission might be expected in these patients.• Are there fundamental elements of human nature that can not be significantly altered by socialization and institutions?• Tax studies purporting to show that most capital gains tax is paid by higher-income individuals reflect a fundamental error.• Eikmeyer's fundamental insight is that co-operation and non-co-operation are not simply polar opposites along a scale.• This suggested that the fundamental problem of many working class families was one of scarce resources.• Raising your child to tell the difference between right and wrong is one of the fundamental tasks of parenthood.• Water is fundamental to survival.• Meanwhile the population is changing in fundamental ways.
fundamental change/difference/distinction/shift etc• Bagehot's work continued to be regarded as an authoritative work long after the Constitution had undergone fundamental change.• If the leadership of educational institutions is to be effective then a number of fundamental changes are needed.• In this regard, fundamental changes are required in organizational patterns of scientific and technological activities in the region.• But there was a fundamental difference between Macaulay's views and those of Temple.• Begin by facing up to the headlines and statistics of most fundamental change efforts to date.• You have experienced the variety of human motivations stirred up by fundamental change in organizations.• Deciding that enough was enough, Mr Ramsden made some simple but fundamental changes to the credit control process.
fundamental to• Competition is fundamental to keeping prices down.
Origin fundamental
(1400-1500) fundament “basic part” ((13-21 centuries)), from Latin fundus; → FUND1
fun·da·men·tal adjectiveadj →n COLLOCATIONS1
LDOCE Online
Chinese
Syllable
Corpus
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2031 COCA: 2328
fundamental

adjective

VERBS | ADVERB | PREPOSITION VERBS➤be, seem是基本；似乎是根本▸➤remain仍然是根本▸➤consider sth, regard sth as認為⋯是根本◇We consider these rights fundamental to democracy.我們認為這些權利是民主的基礎。ADVERB➤really, truly, very必不可少；非常重要◇I think they made a very fundamental mistake.我認為他們犯了一個根本性的錯誤。➤absolutely, quite (especially BrE) 絕對重要；十分根本◇This principle is absolutely fundamental.這項原則絕對重要。➤fairly, rather (especially NAmE) 相當必要PREPOSITION➤to對⋯極其重要◇Improved funding is fundamental to the success of the project.獲得更多的資金對這一項目的成敗至關重要。➤for對⋯來說極其重要◇Low interest rates are fundamental for growth.低利率對增長極其重要。
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2031 COCA: 2328
fundamental

adjective

fundamental ♦︎ underlying ♦︎ radical ♦︎ basic ♦︎ essential ♦︎ elementary ♦︎ ultimate ♦︎ rudimentaryThese words all describe things such as problems and ideas that concern the most basic and important parts of sth. 这些词均表示根本的、基本的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆fundamental / basic to sth◆a fundamental / an underlying / a radical / a basic / an essential difference / distinction◆a fundamental / an underlying / a radical / a basic change / improvement◆a fundamental / radical / basic approach◆a fundamental / an underlying / a basic / an essential / an elementary rule / principle◆a fundamental / an underlying / a basic / an essential / the ultimate truth◆a fundamental / an underlying / a basic / an essential / the ultimate cause / reason◆a fundamental / an underlying / a basic / an essential assumption / aim / problem / cause / reason / need / weakness◆a fundamental / a basic / an elementary / a rudimentary skill / understanding / knowledge / level◆a fundamental / a basic / an elementary error / mistake■ fundamental ˌfʌndəˈmentl (rather formal, especially written) serious and very important; concerning the most central and important parts of sth; forming the necessary basis of sth 十分重大的；根本的；基本的◆There is a fundamental difference between the two points of view.这两个观点有根本区别。◆A fundamental change in the organization of health services was required.公共医疗在组织架构上需要有一个根本性的变革。◆Hard work is fundamental to success.勤奋工作是成功的基础。  see also fundamentals ⇨ basics ▸ fundamentally

adverb

◆The two approaches are fundamentally different.这两种处理方法完全不同。◆By the 1960s the situation had changed fundamentally.到20世纪60年代形势已发生了根本的变化。■ underlying ˌʌndəˈlaɪɪŋ; NAmE ˌʌndərˈlaɪɪŋ [only before noun] (rather formal, especially written) important in a situation but not always easily noticed or stated clearly 根本的；潜在的；隐含的◆The underlying assumption is that the amount of money available is limited.隐含的假定是，可用的资金有限。◆Unemployment may be an underlying cause of the rising crime rate.失业可能是犯罪率攀升的潜在原因。ⓘ Typical collocates of underlying include cause, assumption, reason, motive, trend, theme, problem, reality and aim. * underlying的常见搭配词有cause、assumption、reason、motive、trend、theme、problem、reality和aim。■ radical ˈrædɪkl [usually before noun] (rather formal, especially written) (of changes or differences) concerning the most central and important parts of sth; thorough and complete （变革或差异）根本的，彻底的；完全的◆There have been demands for radical reform of the law.一直就有对法律进行彻底变革的要求。◆This document marks a radical departure from earlier recommendations.这份文件标志着对先前建议的完全背离。  see also radical ⇨ radical adj. ▸ radically

adverb

◆The new methods are radically different from the old.新方法迥然异于老方法。◆Attitudes have changed radically.态度发生了根本的转变。NOTE 辨析 Fundamental or radical?A fundamental change or difference is one that involves the whole structure of a system or the principles on which sth is based. A radical change is an important change which has wide-ranging effects. * fundamental指变革或差异涉及一项制度的整体结构或事物的基本原则，radical指变革重大且影响广泛。■ basic concerning the most central and important parts of sth from which other things develop 基本的；基础的◆They haven't even given us the most basic information we need.连我们所需要的最基本的信息他们都还未提供。◆During the first term, we will concentrate on the basic principles of law.第一学期我们将着重讲授法律的基本原则。◆Drums are basic to African music.鼓是非洲音乐的基本乐器。ⓘ Basic can also be used before a noun to mean 'necessary and important to all people'. * basic用在名词前亦可表示“必需的、基本需要的”◆Aren't food and shelter basic human rights?享有食物和住所难道不是基本人权吗？◆The report sets out the cost of basic foods in several European countries.报告陈述了几个欧洲国家基本食物的费用。   see also basics ⇨ basics ▸ basically

adverb

◆Yes, that's basically correct.对，基本正确。◆There have been some problems but basically it's a good system.虽然出现过一些问题，但从根本上说这仍不失为一个好系统。■ essential [only before noun] connected with the most important aspect or basic nature of sb/sth 本质的；基本的；根本的◆The essential difference between Sara and me is our attitude to money.我与萨拉的根本区别在于我们对金钱的态度。◆The essential character of the town has been destroyed by the new road.这个城镇的主要特色被这条新马路毁了。   see also essence ⇨ nature 1 , essentials ⇨ basics ▸ essentially

adverb

◆There are three essentially different ways of tackling the problem.解决这个问题有三种完全不同的方法。◆The pattern is essentially the same in all cases.这种模式在所有情况下基本相同。NOTE 辨析 Basic or essential? Basic looks at things from a practical point of view, concentrating on what is important in order to do or understand sth. Essential looks at things from a more philosophical point of view, considering the very nature of things and what makes them different from or similar to other things. * basic指从实际的角度看问题，强调在操作或理解上的重点。essential更多从哲学的角度看问题，强调事物的本质及其异于或相似于他者的特征。■ elementary ˌelɪˈmentri (rather formal) concerning the most central and important matters or ideas 基本的；根本性的◆How could you make such an elementary mistake?你怎么能犯这种根本性错误？◆It's an elementary law of economics: the scarcer the commodity, the higher the price.这是经济学的基本法则：商品越稀缺，价格越高。ⓘ When it is used to talk about education or learning, elementary usually describes a level or a stage in learning a subject. * elementary修饰教育或学习时意思是初级的、基础的◆I'm taking classes in elementary Italian.我在上意大利语基础课程。 ■ ultimate [only before noun] from which sth originally comes 根本的；基本的；根源的◆the ultimate truths of philosophy and science哲学和科学的终极原理◆We could not trace the ultimate source of the rumours.我们不可能查出这些谣言的最初源头。▸ ultimately

adverb

◆All life depends ultimately on oxygen.一切生命归根到底都要依赖氧气。■ rudimentary ˌruːdɪˈmentri (formal) concerning only the most basic matters or ideas 基础的；基本的◆His understanding of the language is very rudimentary.他对这门语言仅有初步的认识。◆They were given only rudimentary training in the job.他们仅仅受过基本的职业训练。ⓘ Rudimentary most often describes knowledge, understanding, skill or training. * rudimentary最常描述knowledge、understanding、skill或training。
TOEFL IELTS BNC: 2031 COCA: 2328
fundamental
Natural, basic and essential: basic, fundamental, natural...
Important: important, major, key...

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