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BNC: 164 COCA: 146

much

Word family 
much1 /mʌtʃ/ ●●● S1 W1 adverbadv  
1  LOT/LARGE NUMBER OR AMOUNTby a great amount 非常，很；大量
much better/greater/easier etc
 Henry’s room is much bigger than mine.
亨利的房间比我的大得多。
 These shoes are much more comfortable.
这双鞋子要舒服得多。
 I’m feeling very much better, thank you.
我感觉好多了，谢谢。
much too big/old etc
 He was driving much too fast.
他开得太快了。
much the best/most interesting etc British EnglishBrE
 It’s much the best way to do it.
这是做此事最好的方式。
5 GRAMMAR 语法
The adverb much is mainly used before comparative adjectives. 副词much主要用于形容词比较级之前
He’s much older than she is.
他比她年长许多。
Much can also be used before ‘different’ in negative sentences and questions. 否定句和疑问句中much还可用于different之前
She doesn’t look much different.
她看上去没多大变化。
n USAGE: Much
The adverb much is mainly used before comparative adjectives or adjectives with 'too':
He’s much older than she is.
他比她年长许多。
The soup was much too salty.
It is not usually used before other adjectives, but much can be used before different, especially in negatives and questions:
It's not much different from when I was young.
2 
a) used to ask or talk about the degree of a difference 〔询问或谈论区别的程度〕
how much older/smaller etc
 She kept weighing herself to see how much heavier she was getting.
她老是称体重看自己重了多少。
b) used to ask or talk about how big an additional amount of something is 〔询问或谈论某事物增加的数量〕
how much more/longer/further
 How much longer do we have to wait?
我们还得等多久？
 How much further is it?
还有多远？
c) used to emphasize the difference you are mentioning 〔用于强调差异〕
how much better/nicer/easier etc
 I was surprised to see how much better she was looking.
看到她变得漂亮多了我很惊讶。
 How much better life would be if we returned to the values of the past!
如果我们重拾过去的价值观，生活会有多好呀！
3  LOT/LARGE NUMBER OR AMOUNTused to talk about a strong feeling or something that is done often 〔用于谈论强烈的感情或经常做的事〕
how/however much
 You know how much I care about you.
你知道我是多么在乎你。
 I think you have to accept the pain, however much it hurts.
我想你必须得承受这份痛苦，无论这伤痛有多大。
 He talks too much.
他话太多了。
 We’re looking forward to your visit so much.
我们热切盼望着您的到来。
 Thank you very much!
非常感谢！
much loved/admired/discussed etc
 The money will buy much needed books for the school.
这笔钱将用于购买学校急需的书籍。
4  not ... much 
Examples from the Corpus
not ... much• Places had not changed much and the family still lived at Temple Stephen in Derbyshire.• The problem was, there was not much follow-up.• Not much happens in the novel.• The U.S. industry survey did not estimate how much of the drugs it classified as therapeutic were given to healthy animals.• Today, there is a reluctance to prosecute young men who are not much older than the girl herself.• It is an option that is not very often used, either through choice or simply because it is not much publicised.• First, it is apparent that illiterates will not have much success in giving written answers to a printed questionnaire.• Purdue has not had much success in the postseason, its final eight finish in 1994 being its best in some time.
5  much like something/much as  (also much the same (as something))LIKE/SIMILAR used to say that something is very similar to something else 很像某事物，和某事物几乎一样
Examples from the Corpus
much like something/much as• For at school, the young man would be surrounded by men much like him-self.• What he wanted, of course, was for me to write as much like he did as I possibly could.• Based on one of Aesop's fables, it was as much like a limerick as one of Shakespeare's sonnets.• They like their bikes to be as much like cars as possible.• The space inside looked as much like a junkyard as the space outside.
6  much to somebody’s surprise/embarrassment etc formalVERY used to say that someone feels very surprised, embarrassed etc when something happens 令某人大为吃惊/非常尴尬等的是
Examples from the Corpus
much to somebody’s surprise/embarrassment etc• And he was still sober, much to her surprise.• And much to everyone's surprise he won it.• A week later, much to my surprise, I was told my order must be changed.• But he has written a steamy thriller, much to the surprise of his conservative minions.• So now he is clubbed to death instead, much to the surprise of the audience.• Those questions were asked in front of a packed gymnasium, much to the Surprise of the state officials who attended.• Pitsligo died there in 1767, head, much to his surprise, still firmly attached to his unrepentant shoulders.
7  much less AND/ALSOused to say that a greater thing is even less true, likely, or possible than the thing you have just mentioned 更不用说，更何况
Examples from the Corpus
much less• The bill now goes to the Senate, where its fate is much less assured.• Try dowsing without rods: it's much less cumbersome.• I will become much less easily tired ... much less easily fatigued ... much less easily discouraged ... much less easily depressed.• That had to ne injected daily, but her husband recalls the injections being much less frequent.• Even Libertarians, who advocate much less government, are happy to accept public campaign money.• Even today, most politicians rarely wear neckties, much less power suits.• In the end, the tax brought in much less revenue than originally forecast.• Its development costs are not much less than the firm's total asset value.• I doubt Clemson will even make the finals, much less win.
8  much as TRUEalthough 虽然
9  not so much ... as ... MORE THAN something OR somebody ELSEused to say that one description of someone or something is less suitable or correct than another 与其说是…不如说是…
→ so much the better at better3(4)
Examples from the Corpus
much• "Did you enjoy the show?" "Not much."• Has he changed much?• I haven't thought much about it.• Do you talk to Leslie much anymore?• She's feeling much better now.• You get a much better view if you stand on a chair.• It was much easier doing the letter on the computer.• When the headlights flashed, it barely blinked, much less moved.• What sticks in the brain, and occasionally the heart, is something much less tangible.• Mrs. Clausen was much loved and will be sadly missed.• These shoes are much more comfortable.• His family is much more important to him than his career.• Wayne looked much older than the last time I saw him.• We should pay more attention to those millions of elderly pensioners than to the much smaller number of millionaires.• The test was much too difficult for most of the students.• You're working much too hard, and you're letting the boss take advantage of you.• The damage done can be much worse than from a fire - while the chances of it happening are much higher.
much better/greater/easier etc• If a claim is lost in court, the pain, loss and damage suffered by the haulier is obviously much greater.• To that extent, the workplace will be much better.• He was getting better every day, so much better, and yet business got worse and worse.• But things were much better now.• This rate of turnover is much greater than for other areas of the vocabulary of a language. 3.• This system allows me to communicate much better than I could before.• He has summed up the issue much better than I could.• The beautiful lion fish belongs to this gaudy category and is therefore much easier to avoid.
how much older/smaller etc• Older than Aunt Margaret, that was certain - far older, but how much older?• It never ceased to amaze her how much smaller everything seemed to her now adult eyes.• Rachel hadn't seen Irene Markham for five years but she was shocked by how much older she looked.
how/however much• It comes as a bit of a shock to see how much faster others can sail upwind.• The best solution is for a pamphleteer to show people how much fun it is to do good.• It has not disclosed how much it thought these brands were worth.• I realize how much of her strength came from those evenings alone in that ancient book.• Even Alfred appreciated how much she helped.• The output was a bar graph to show how much the new input resembled each of the ten people.• He also wants to restrict how much time inmates can shave off their sentences for good behavior or working in prison.
much2 ●●● S1 W1 determiner , pronoun  
1  LOT/LARGE NUMBER OR AMOUNTa large amount of something 很多（的），大量（的）
2  how much used to ask or talk about the amount or cost of something 多少；多少钱〔用于询问或谈论某物的数量或价格〕
Examples from the Corpus
how much• That's a beautiful rug -- how much did you pay for it?• How much did your jeans cost?• By the way, how much does it cost to use the swimming pool?• Some things must be done before others, and this limits how much faster a multiprocessor computer can chug along.• The High Court has also addressed the question of how much information such statements should contain.• An on-screen gauge shows how much ink is left in each cartridge.• With a direct debit the person receiving payment tells your branch how much is due and when.• How much money do I owe you?• How much nitrogen is there in the air?• You received $50,000. How much of that money is still in your bank account?• The problem is: how much of this picture can we trust?• Cast off a calculation determining how much space copy will take up when typeset.• I wondered how much this contributed to his aggression generally.• Do you realize how much trouble you caused?• Everything gets registered by Mr Sorley so he knows how much work we've done and how much to bill the clients.• I'll get you some paint if you tell me how much you need.
3  as much an amount that is equal and not less 同等，一样，不少
4  as much as 10/100 etc used to emphasize how surprisingly large an amount is 多至10/100等〔用于强调数量大得惊人〕
Examples from the Corpus
as much as 10/100 etc• The Nasdaq Composite Index fell for a third day, dropping as much as 10. 53 to 988. 29.• Led by Microsoft, the Nasdaq Composite Index rose as much as 10. 63 to 1017. 87.• The biggest of beetles, the hercules, reaches the same sort of size and weighs as much as 100 grams.• These segments remain attached while they mature, eventually forming a chain that may be as much as 10 metres long.• The difference between these two - the full spread - can be as much as 10 or 11 percent.• Analysts say Athens accounted for as much as 10 per cent of investment by emerging market funds.• It plans to slash as much as 10 percent of its payroll.• The bonus portion alone has amounted to as much as 100 percent or more of base earnings.
5  NOTused in negative expressions to say that something is not important, interesting, good etc 〔用于否定句，表示并不那么重要、有趣、好等〕
6  not be much of a something BAD ATto not be a good example of something or not be very good at something 算不上是某事；不怎么会某事
Examples from the Corpus
not be much of a something• I'm not much of a dancer.• A small blemish on the tape of a song or movie may not be much of a problem.• Despite the forecast, it wasn't much of a storm.
7  be too much for somebody DIFFICULTto be too difficult for someone to do or bear 对某人来说太困难；不是某人所能承受的
Examples from the Corpus
be too much for somebody• The job was too much for any single manager to cope with.• I suspected that, deep down, the various emotional themes that Hannah played out were too much for Bruno.• The memories were too much for her.• All the bullying and back-stabbing in the office was simply too much for him.• Climbing the stairs is too much for Maisie who is in her 90s.• But often this effort of concentration was too much for me.• This was too much for me.• But three thousand is too much for now.• It was too much for Quinn.
8  not be up to much British EnglishBrE spokenBAD AT to be fairly bad 不怎么样，很糟糕
Examples from the Corpus
not be up to much• Working conditions may not be up to much, and as a casual employee you can be fired at short notice.
9  there is not much in it informal used to say that there is little difference between two things or amounts 相差不大
10  think/say etc as much SAYTHINK/HAVE THE OPINION THATto think or say the thing that has just been mentioned 也这样认为/说等
Examples from the Corpus
think/say etc as much• Even the defense attorneys who went up against him said as much.• The women stood in silence, glad of each other's presence and without the need to say as much.• Archaeological analyses say as much about the interpreters as about the extinct cultures.• They will do and say as much as they dare, to get the client's money.• Kennedy said as much in the summer of 1961, when he met Khrushchev in Vienna.• He said as much to Katherine on their second evening together.• He felt convinced that Aeneas was the son-in-law Faunus had predicted, and he said as much to the envoys.• He said as much when he finally let things loose.
11  it was as much as somebody could do to do something SUCCEED IN DOING somethingused to say that someone only succeeded in doing something with great difficulty 某人尽最大努力也只能做某事
12  not/without so much as something SURPRISEDused when you are surprised or annoyed that someone did not do something 甚至没有做某事，连某事都没有做
Examples from the Corpus
not/without so much as something• I never received so much as a reply.• I, who had traveled all that long day on that train without so much as a cheese in my pocket?• He had never had a day of sickness, not so much as a cold.• The car survived the accident without so much as a dent.• That he had dumped her without a word, without so much as a goodbye.• How could we have put their bag into ours without so much as a single check?• It is a matter of tone, not so much as content.• So far in Rajasthan, I had not so much as nodded to another female.• We got our six appearances, and not so much as one drop-by or mix-and-mingle extra.• When they go straight to bed without so much as ordering a toasted sandwich or spending money at the bar.
13  so much for something used to say that a particular action, idea, statement etc was not useful or did not produce the result that was hoped for 原来某事毫无用处；某事未产生期盼的结果
Examples from the Corpus
so much for something• So much for 3.75% Profit Share figures and so much for staff motivation.• Thank you so much for coming.• We take the railways so much for granted.• The boys have been lovely and Kenneth has done so much for me.• Together with the right kind of support we could have fun together and achieve so much for ourselves and our diocese.• The method she resorted to was novel, not so much for the times but for her.• That diagnosis is not so much for therapeutic reasons as for administrative and management purposes.• Thank you so much for your encouragement in the past.
14  I’ll say this/that much for somebody/something PRAISEused when saying one good thing about someone or something when they are being criticized a lot 我要为某人/某事物这么说〔用于为正遭受批评的人或事说句好话〕
Examples from the Corpus
I’ll say this/that much for somebody/something• I'll say this much for him, he was consistent until the end.
15  as much again SAMEan additional amount that is equal 〔额外的数量〕一样多，同样多
Examples from the Corpus
as much again• But Catherine, 31, and 56-year-old Fatal Attraction star Michael spent more than half as much again.• That could be nearly as much again.• The line shot out, half as much again.• Social Progress Health spending is half as much again as it was in 1979, after taking account of inflation.• This is half as much again as last year.• But they want to raise at least as much again for work on related disorders.• In school we are spending nearly half as much again, in real terms per pupil, as in 1979.• The Government is spending over half as much again more than Labour did when they were last in power.
16  be a bit much/be too much British EnglishBrE spokenRUDE/IMPOLITE used to say that someone’s behaviour is unacceptable or impolite 有点过分/太过分〔用于指某人的行为不能让人接受或不礼貌〕
17  make much of somebody/something formalIMPORTANT to treat a person or thing as though you think they are very important or special 重视[认真对待]某人/某物
Examples from the Corpus
make much of somebody/something• Prevention education has been unable to halt this behavior, or even to make much of a dent in it.• So far they are not making much of a fist of it.• She knows the team is too young and too raw to make much of a showing this season.• Mrs Thatcher has made much of Britain's scientific brilliance and innovative poverty.• He makes much of contacts with social scientists in allied fields.• Is he wise to say, and make much of it, that people come up and tell him so?• The company has made much of its environmental advances.• In those interviews, Margaret Thatcher has made much of science and technology.• Feminists in particular make much of the social disadvantage under which women suffer.
n Grammar
Much is mainly used in questions and negative sentences, or after too or so: much用于不可数名词之前，主要用于疑问句和否定句，或too、so之后
Was there much snow?
There’s not much time left.
You’ve used too much soap.
Much sounds very formal in positive statements. It is usually better to say a lot of:
There was a lot of food left.
✗Don’t say: There was much food left.
You use much before uncountable nouns:
I don’t have much money.
我没多少时间。
You use many before plural nouns:
There are too many advertisements on TV.
电视广告太多了
✗Don’t say: There are too much advertisements on TV.
Examples from the Corpus
much of• The storm will bring rain to much of the state.
not/nothing much• "Anything happening?" "Not much."• The slope in figure 10.6 is not much changed after polishing, so the technique is illustrated in exercise 10.1.• He was not much closer to Belafonte, whose alter ego he played in the show.• If he's a skilled boardroom apparatchik, they say he's not much cop as a coach.• She and I have worked together before, and it is not much fun.• There was nothing much I could do to help.• The embalmer was John Sheldon, a recently qualified surgeon not much older than Miss Johnson herself.• Whales and hippos may not much resemble each other nowadays, but retain some hints of kinship.• There was nothing much to say to that, and nobody did.
much1 adverbadv →5 GRAMMAR1 →n USAGE1much2 determiner
→10-17

→5 GRAMMAR1 →n GRAMMAR2 →5 REGISTER1
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