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IELTS BNC: 573 COCA: 438

hard

Word family 
Related topics: Drug culture, Linguistics, Hard science
hard1 /hɑːd $ hɑːrd/ ●●● S1 W1 adjectiveadj (comparativecomp harder, superlativesupl hardest)  
1  firm to touch 坚硬的HARD firm, stiff, and difficult to press down, break, or cut 硬的，坚固的 OPP soft
 a hard wooden chair
一把硬木椅
 the hardest substance known to man
已知的最硬物质
 After months without rain, the ground was too hard to plough.
数月无雨，土地坚硬难犁。
2  difficult 困难的DIFFICULT difficult to do or understand 难做的；难懂的；困难的，不易的 SYN difficult OPP easy
 This year’s exam was much harder than last year’s.
今年的考试比去年的难得多。
 You’ll have to make some hard decisions.
你们必须作出困难的决定。
 They’re a hard team to beat.
他们是一支很难打败的球队。
it is hard to believe/imagine/see/know etc
 It was hard to see what else we could have done.
很难想出我们原本还可以做些什么。
 It’s hard to believe that anyone would say something like that.
很难相信有人会说出那样的话。
find it hard to do something
 I was finding it hard to concentrate.
我觉得很难集中精神。
 Permanent jobs are hard to come by (=difficult to find or get).
很难找到固定的工作。
be hard for somebody
 It must be hard for her, bringing up three kids on her own.
她一个人养育三个孩子，一定很不容易。
 Telling my parents is going to be the hardest thing about it.
最难办的将是如何告诉我的父母。
have a hard time doing something (=be difficult for someone to do something) 做某事很难
 You’ll have a hard time proving that.
你要证明那一点很难。
 I had a hard time persuading him to accept the offer.
我费了很多功夫说服他接受那个提议。
 Such criticism was hard to take (=difficult to accept).
很难接受这样的批评。
► see thesaurus at difficult
3  TIREDwork/effort 工作/努力 [usually before noun] using or involving a lot of mental or physical effort 费力的，费劲的；耗费体力[脑力]的
 To be successful in sport requires hard work and a great deal of determination.
要在体育方面有所成就需要艰辛的努力和百折不挠的决心。
 After a hard day at work, I just want to come home and put my feet up.
辛苦工作一天之后，我只想回家休息。
a hard day’s work/walking/skiing etc
 There’s a sauna where you can relax after a hard day’s skiing.
有一个桑拿浴室，在累人地滑了一天雪之后，你可以在里面放松一下。
 Becoming a doctor never interested him. It was too much like hard work (=it would involve too much work).
对于当医生他从不感兴趣，那要付出太多的艰辛。
► see thesaurus at tiring
4  full of problems 充满问题的POORPROBLEM a situation or time that is hard is one in which you have a lot of problems, especially when you do not have enough money 〔尤指缺钱时处境或日子〕艰难的，困苦的，拮据的
 She’s had a hard life.
她一生艰辛。
 Times were hard and they were forced to sell their house.
那时的日子很艰难，他们被迫卖掉了房子。
 He had clearly fallen on hard times (=did not have much money).
他显然过得很拮据。
5  be hard on somebody 
Examples from the Corpus
be hard on somebody• He was hard on David but David certainly was talented.• Carolyn Staley knew that day last week had to be hard on her old friend, Bill Clinton.• This life was harder on her than on anyone else.• You're harder on Donald than you are on Monica.• It's going to be hard on the kids if you move away.• As usual, this hypocrisy was hardest on the poor.• Normally disasters are hardest on the poor.• Most successful entrepreneurs are hard on themselves, in the sense that they are never easily satisfied.• It really is something, though he is hard on you and he is difficult.• You always let people know it was hard on you that Dad taught school.
6  be hard on something to have a bad effect on something 对某物有害
Examples from the Corpus
be hard on something• He was hard on David but David certainly was talented.• Carolyn Staley knew that day last week had to be hard on her old friend, Bill Clinton.• This life was harder on her than on anyone else.• As usual, this hypocrisy was hardest on the poor.• Normally disasters are hardest on the poor.• Most successful entrepreneurs are hard on themselves, in the sense that they are never easily satisfied.• It really is something, though he is hard on you and he is difficult.• You always let people know it was hard on you that Dad taught school.• Aspirin can be hard on your stomach.
7  do something the hard way to learn, achieve, or do something after a bad experience or by making mistakes 吃过苦后做成某事
Examples from the Corpus
learned the hard way• Bette Davis learned the hard way.• Sorry, Colin, but you learned the hard way about the harsh truths of the boxing world.• But most of what we learned the hard way, Adam Smith had explained three hundred years before. 1.• His earliest students learned the hard way by helping to erect experimental plant and doing the pipe fitting.• The townspeople had learned the hard way that curiosity killed the cat - you stayed indoors if there was trouble.
8  using force 用力气STRONG PERSON using a lot of force 用力的
9  hard evidence/facts/information etc facts that are definitely true and can be proved 确切[确凿]的证据/事实/情报等
Examples from the Corpus
hard evidence/facts/information etc• But lack of documentation limits hard evidence.• There are surely many answers to this question, not one of which is impeccably established by hard evidence.• This was a pseudo-historical theory for which there was no hard evidence.• For a few minutes longer Isabel tried to sort out hard facts from vague suspicions, with little success.• Nothing in the way of hard facts, in any event.• There is no hard evidence of files spirited away and even if they were, nobody knows whether they contain anything sinister.• But, again, the commission found no hard evidence that Mr Wahid had lied or misused the money.• Its record provides hard evidence to support his picture of a service in rude health rather than decline.
10  unkind 无情的UNKINDCRUEL showing no sympathetic or gentle feelings 冷酷的，无情的
11  hard going 
Examples from the Corpus
hard going• Anyone who tried to set up in between us would find it hard going.• But getting to be one of these fashionable high-flying image makers with a top salary is hard going.• Robbie's sandals were low-heeled, but even so she found the pace hard going.• Much of it was hard going, especially in the early parts.• I don't mind it, but it's pretty hard going to sleep with this banging going on.
12  make hard work of something to make something you are doing seem more difficult than it really is 使某事看起来更难
Examples from the Corpus
make hard work of something• You can make hard work of an easy job if you don't know the right way to go.• She was making hard work of plucking the goose.
13  be hard at it/work informal to be very busy doing something 忙于干某事
Examples from the Corpus
be hard at it/work• When she was hard at work and on top of things her productivity was exceptional.• Not much is said, as each young person, and Bill, is hard at work at the task at hand.• Thacker had set him a spot of overtime and he was hard at it in the mill.• Today, all eight of the Van Andel and DeVos offspring are hard at work making this company better.• He was hard at work on the translation of a play which had to be ready two days later.• Over the road, Sylvia Brackley and daughter, Karen are hard at work on this year's crop.• Ahead of her, Bite the Bullet's jockey was hard at work while the horse on his outside was clearly beaten.• Cook was making fresh cornbread rolls for breakfast and lesser mortals were hard at it with brooms and mops.
14. water 水 hard water contains a lot of minerals, and does not mix easily with soap 硬的〔含大量矿物质〕 OPP soft
15  hard luck 
Examples from the Corpus
hard luck• Can't have that, can we, not on top of all your other hard luck.• Either the union is strong enough and can stand it, or it can t, and hard luck.• If you don't like it then hard luck!• If you don't then like the package, or find it doesn't fulfil one of your requirements, hard luck.• Whether it was the rent or just hard luck, many businesses at the mall also cleared out.• There's the same familiar chords, beefed-up arrangements and hard luck stories, but not a lot of conviction.• Blown engines, driveshaft failures, the 1,500 mile long route is littered with hard luck stories.• Just one hard luck thing after another.
16  give somebody a hard time informal
Examples from the Corpus
give somebody a hard time• Tom gave him a hard time.• She left the company because her boss was giving her a really hard time.• The laughter had stopped a while ago and, ever since, Lydia's imagination had been giving her a hard time.• My mother gave me a really hard time about Freddy. She couldn't stand him.• The crew gave him a hard time, and even the cast was cautious about him.• Her boss, Detective Hineline, is always giving her a hard time and she never gets really mad at him.• When I first came here everyone gave me a really hard time, because I was the first woman to run a department.• Watson had been given a hard time from the Wednesday crowd before those goals but is now hoping the tide has turned.• Maybe Modigliani gave them a hard time, I don't know.• Stop giving me such a hard time. I'm doing my best.• If you wonder why people give you a hard time, it's because you write shit like this.• Yet Wakefield gave them a hard time throughout.
17  have a hard time to have a lot of problems or bad experiences 日子过得不容易
Examples from the Corpus
have a hard time of it• Even the birds have a hard time of it, and you and Mr.
18  drive/strike a hard bargain to demand a lot or refuse to give too much when you are making an agreement 〔交涉时〕要求苛刻，寸步不让
Examples from the Corpus
drive/strike a hard bargain• Don't become despondent just because it seems that your employer is keen to drive a hard bargain.• It could also be that Reilly, who has never knowingly sold himself short, is driving a hard bargain.• So he was right to drive a hard bargain.• The farmer had grown used to billeting troops and drove a hard bargain.
19  hard feelings 
Examples from the Corpus
no hard feelings• And she bore Arnie no hard feelings.• But there were no hard feelings.• It was all over months ago and, as far as he knew, with no hard feelings.• But there'd been no hard feelings between me and Albert.• Just to show there's no hard feelings, here's a picture of Nigel's stylish new look.• No hard feelings, Stu. You had every right to be angry with me.• He insisted he has no hard feelings toward the club, which tried to trade him prior to the draft.
20  take a (long) hard look at something/somebody to think carefully about something, especially with the result that you change your opinions or behaviour 小心考虑某事/某人
Examples from the Corpus
take a (long) hard look at something/somebody• Instead, they take a hard look at a difficult moral and political dilemma and find no easy answers.• Blairites could take a harder look at a rhetorical vocabulary in which every single item was anticipated by totalitarianism.• In practice, many doctors are too busy to take a long hard look at every patient.• The latter allows both parties a chance to stand back from the daily routine and take a harder look at overall performance.• Or you can take a hard look at the feminist agenda.• Some one needs to take a long hard look at what has happened to tennis in Ulster over the last 20 years.• After the inevitable posture of being affronted, I took a hard look at what I was doing.
21  hard line a strict way of dealing with someone or something 强硬手段[态度]
Examples from the Corpus
take/adopt a hard line (on something)• But both sides are taking a hard line.• But the Clinton administration is still taking a hard line.• But when money starts to change hands, they take a harder line.• In 1969 they took a hard line.• But they are taking a hard line in negotiations with the Legislature.• But regulators are taking a harder line these days.• Clinton, in short, did not take a hard line, though he should have.• De Gaulle took a hard line towards the strike.
22  hard news news stories that are about serious subjects or events 硬新闻，重大新闻
Examples from the Corpus
hard news• The hard news about this interview aired on Monday.• Little hard news has come out of the world's biggest advertising group since it put the division on the block.• You said that you've become identified, almost trapped as a hard news or political photographer.• Or will the business plan pressures for the hard news sections be solely on the side of generating readership?• Its editorial integrity ought to be unassailable, at least in its hard news sections.
23  STRONG PERSONnot frightened 不害怕的 British EnglishBrE spoken strong, ready to fight, and not afraid of anyone or anything 坚强的，勇敢的
24. (as) hard as nails someone who is hard as nails seems to have no feelings such as fear or sympathy 无所畏惧的；冷酷无情的
Examples from the Corpus
(as) hard as nails• Willie O'Connor is as hard as nails and Liam Simpson takes no prisoners.• Hard as nails he may be but don't let anyone tell you Hank hasn't got a sense of humour.• Beautiful but hard as nails, she'd thought then.
25. a hard taskmaster/master someone who makes people work too hard 要求过分严格的上司；逼迫别人拼命工作的人
Examples from the Corpus
a hard taskmaster/master• The summer is a hard master.• True to his word, he schooled her in horsemanship and was a hard taskmaster.• He was a hard master and a dangerous enemy.• She was a hard taskmaster but a considerably fairer one than la Belle Ethel.
26. a hard winter/frost a very cold winter or frost 严冬/严霜 OPP mild
Examples from the Corpus
a hard winter/frost• All in all, the young have the odds stacked against them, especially in a hard winter.• It looked as though it would be a hard winter.• After a hard frost the passage walls sweated and water trickled down the corridors.
27  the hard left/right people who have extreme left-wing or right-wing political aims and ideas 极左/右派 SYN far left/right, extreme
Examples from the Corpus
the hard left/right• But what happens when you want so much to be right, you end up helping the hard right?• Too little, say the Tories, too much says the hard left.• They were stars of the hard left, but we have heard little about them during the election struggle.• Labour moderates win over four of the hard left by agreeing that the cuts shall involve as few compulsory redundancies as possible.• Mr Steve King, leader of the hard left, denounces his fellow-councillors as dunderheads, nincompoops and dolts.• The showing for the hard left was disappointing.
28  light 光 especially literary hard light is bright and unpleasant 太亮的，刺目的 SYN harsh
29  MDDDRINKDRUGalcohol 酒 [only before noun] informal very strong 烈性的
30. a hard left/right a big turn to the left or right, for example when you are driving 向左/向右急转 SYN sharp
Examples from the Corpus
a hard left/right• More often, though, they miss, hang a hard left, and return to the dugout.• Sharp took an eight count after taking a hard left hook.• Still not enough to justify this desire to reach across the table and deliver a hard right to the gubernatorial chin.• I executed a hard right turn, but could not see any other aircraft in my vicinity.
31. SLpronunciation 发音 a hard ‘c’ is pronounced /k/ rather than /s/; a hard ‘g’ is pronounced /g/ rather than /dz/ 发硬音的〔指字母c发/k/音而不发/s/音，字母g发/G/音而不发/dZ/音〕 → soft
—hardness noun [uncountableU]
 a material that would combine the flexibility of rubber with the hardness of glass
既有橡胶的弹性又有玻璃的硬度的一种材料
 THESAURUS
hard difficult to press down, break, or cut, and not at all soft 硬的，坚固的
I fell onto the hard stone floor.
我跌倒在坚硬的石地板上。
The clay gets harder as it dries.
黏土干了就会变硬。
firm not completely hard, but not easy to press or bend – used especially when this seems a good thing 结实的，坚实的〔尤在这似乎是优点时使用〕
I like to sleep on a firm mattress.
我喜欢睡硬床垫。
exercises to make your stomach muscles nice and firm
使腹肌健美紧实的运动
nThe pears were firm and juicy.
stiff difficult to bend and not changing shape 不易弯曲的，不易变形的
a piece of stiff cardboard
一张硬卡纸
The collar of his shirt felt stiff and uncomfortable.
他的衬衫领子硬硬的，不舒服。
solid made of a thick hard material and not hollow 坚固的，实心的
a solid oak door
实心橡木门
The floor felt strong and solid beneath her feet.
她脚下的地板坚固而结实。
rigid /ˈrɪdʒəd/ having a structure that is made of a material that is difficult or impossible to bend 坚硬的，不易弯曲的
The tent is supported by a rigid frame.
帐篷由坚硬的支架支撑。
Carry sandwiches in a rigid container.
三明治要放在硬质容器里携带。
crisp/crispy used about food that is pleasantly hard, so that it makes a noise when you bite it – often used about things that have been cooked in thin slices until they are brown 〔常指烘、烤、煎、炸至金黄色的薄片食物〕(酥)脆的
Bake the cookies until they are crisp and golden.
把小甜饼烤至酥脆并呈金黄色。
crispy bacon
脆熏肉
crunchy food that is crunchy makes a noise when you bite on it – often used about things that are fresh, for example fruit, vegetables, and nuts 〔常指水果、蔬菜、坚果等新鲜食品〕(爽)脆的
a crunchy breakfast cereal
香脆的谷类早餐食物
The carrots were still nice and crunchy.
胡萝卜仍然爽脆可口。
na crunchy salad
ncrunchy peanut butter
tough meat that is tough is too hard and is difficult to cut or eat 〔肉〕切不下的；咬不动的；老的
The meat was tough and flavourless.
肉很老，淡而无味。
rubbery too hard and bending like rubber rather than breaking – used especially about meat 〔尤指肉〕(老得跟)橡皮似的
The chicken was all rubbery.
鸡肉太老，跟橡皮似的。
COLLOCATIONS CHECK
firm bed/muscles/fruit/vegetables/ground
stiff card/cardboard/collar/material/fingers/body
solid wood/steel/concrete/floor/wall
rigid frame/structure
crisp/crispy apple/bacon/toast/potato/lettuce
crunchy cereal/vegetables/nuts/snack
tough meat
rubbery meat
Examples from the Corpus
hard• I thought the exam was really hard.• Keep the cake in a tin, to prevent it from going hard.• I've cooked the potatoes for half an hour but they still seem a bit hard.• As people age, their skin becomes harder and less supple.• I wish this chair wasn't so hard and uncomfortable.• A tiled floor in the kitchen is as hard as stone, and very cold beneath your feet.• a piece of hard candy• Some hard cheeses are permitted to age.• Chemistry was one of the hardest classes I've ever taken.• Let your mother sit down. She's had a hard day at work.• A hard disk is usually built into the computer and is a slightly different form of storage.• It was hard for me to understand her - her accent was very strong.• Toilet roll, used, in small smelly brown-streaked sheets - both the hard kind and the soft kind.• But the Clinton administration is still taking a hard line.• He's a hard man to work for, but he's fair.• a hard mattress• Give the door a hard push.• Diamond is probably the hardest substance known to man.• It's not my fault, John. Don't give me a hard time.• I find it hard to believe that he didn't know the gun was loaded.• It's hard to see the stage from here.• The slickest feature of all is the fully poweroperated hard top.• It was a long hard walk back to the nearest town.• Instead it meant hard work with a capital H for all the fifteen or so staff.• Mowing the lawn is hard work.• Yes, exhibitions are hard work!
hard to take• We lost the game in the last few seconds; that was really hard to take.• This was just as well, because as a native he would have been a bit hard to take.• When she starts talking about how smart her kids are, it's a little hard to take.• So much dislike, when she loved him so much - it was hard to take.• That got a bit hard to take.• The death or incapacitating illness of a loved one is always hard to take.• The picture of Communist bosses turning into rich capitalists is hard to take.• The losses were hard to take, but the gains were great also.• Find it hard to take compliments?• Life was marching up such a strange road that it was sometimes hard to take it all in.
too much like hard work• It was all too much like hard work.
fallen on hard times• At 21 she is set for stardom, but she still finds time for people who have fallen on hard times.• Interestingly, though, the bottom 10 includes many household names fallen on hard times.• Was old Bones the equine equivalent of Manchester United then, fallen on hard times?• Worse, because of Jack the father has fallen on hard times and must meet all kinds of debts.• Now these in their turn have fallen on hard times at a time of agricultural rather than industrial recession.• The Cambridge University Automobile Club had clearly fallen on hard times, too.
good hard• He had built a big new house in the valley, beside the best clay for making good hard bricks.• There are a number of good hard disk manufacturers around.
hard man• But Cooper is more than a hard man.• They gave me a bad time - they'd all been in since they were seventeen and they were hard men.• It was all pleasantly noisy without any air of aggression, there were no yobs or self-styled hard men among the customers.• Wimbledon's hard man ran across the pitch to point threateningly at Middlesbrough assistant manager John Pickering.• He had to be diplomat, psychologist, hard man, soft man, entrepreneur, spiritual leader, general and peacekeeper.• Secondly, the band launched heavy metal hard man Ted Nugent, one of rock's more notable characters.• He's the hardest man to get out, that's for sure.• Dan Liszka is a hard man to track down.
the hard stuff• It's all right if I drink a beer, but the doctor said to stay away from the hard stuff.• I have come to believe that the soft occult more often than not leads to the hard stuff.• That's what my father used to say whenever he took a glass of the hard stuff.• There were about a dozen writers in hospitality, most of them busy knocking back the hard stuff.• They'd imagine me prostituting myself, or on the hard stuff.• I'd ease up on the hard stuff if I were you.• The problem is that rock-climbers do all the hardest stuff in this game.• Harold thinks it would help him relax in the evening and not hit the hard stuff so hard.
hard2 ●●● S1 W2 adverbadv (comparativecomp harder, superlativesupl hardest)  
1  using energy/effort 用劲/努力TRY TO DO OR GET something using a lot of effort, energy, or attention 费劲地；费力地
2  with force 用力STRONG PERSON with a lot of force 用力地；重重地
3  become solid 变硬 becoming solid, stiff, or firm 变硬
4  be hard hit/be hit hard HARM/BE BAD FORto be badly affected by something that has happened 受到严重影响，受到沉重打击
5  be hard put/pressed/pushed to do something informalDIFFICULT to have difficulty doing something 难以做到某事，做某事有困难
Examples from the Corpus
be hard put/pressed/pushed to do something• You will be hard pressed to choose a single main course because so many are mouth-watering.• Aunt Edie was in such a rage about it that she was hard put to contain herself.• Once an apology is given, the defendant will be hard put to contest liability later.• Governments will then be hard put to get it on to their national statute books by mid-1993.• I can assure you that any busybody would be hard put to it to prove maltreatment!• Leinster will be hard pushed to keep the score within the respectable margins of defeat set by their predecessors.• With his height and features, he was hard put to pass as a native.• The slave's side ... and even Miss Phoebe would be hard put to understand.
6  be/feel hard done by informalUNFAIR to be or feel unfairly treated (觉得)受到不公平对待
Examples from the Corpus
be/feel hard done by• Having played in the previous winning Eisenhower Trophy team with distinction I think he can feel hard done by.• Thomas felt hard done by, contested the will and lost.• To any readers who feel hard done by or annoyed please accept my sincere apologies.• You've every right to feel hard done by, so don't start thinking that you're being selfish.• The idea of a passenger going without pudding and then leaving the aircraft feeling hard done by troubles them.
7  take something hard UPSETto be very upset about something, especially bad news 对某事〔尤指坏消息〕感到悲伤[难过]
Examples from the Corpus
take something hard• Dad didn't say much, but I could tell he took it hard.
8  hard upon/on something British EnglishBrE formal soon after something 紧接着某事
9. laugh/cry hard LOT/VERY MUCHto laugh, cry etc a lot 笑/哭得很厉害
Examples from the Corpus
laugh/cry hard• Suddenly, he came inside crying hard.
→ hard by, hard up, → (hard/hot/close) on somebody’s heels at heel1, → (hard/hot/close) on the heels of something at heel1, → play hard to get at play1(23)
Examples from the Corpus
hard• It's raining hard.• She ran all that way and she wasn't even breathing hard.• Unlike Shaw, he had to work, and he worked hard.• Elaine had been working hard all morning.• Tyson hit him hard on the chin.• This seems hard on the hippopotamus.• We try hard to keep our customers happy.• Work hard when and where you were required: that's what was in the articles.
tried her hardest• Fabia was conscious of Ven every step of the way, but tried her hardest to concentrate her thoughts elsewhere.
From Longman Business Dictionary
hardhard /hɑːdhɑːrd/ adjectiveadj
1hard facts/numbers information based on things that can be measured, rather than feelings or opinions
Investors are again showing respect for hard numbers like quarterly earnings.
We have to separate the myths from the hard facts.
2ECONOMICSa hard market is one in which there is less competition and higher prices or rates
To be successful in a hard market, producers must devote more time than ever to cultivating relationships with clients.
Origin hard1
Old English heard
hard1 adjectiveadj
→10-19
→20-31

→THESAURUS1hard2 adverbadv
LDOCE Online
Chinese
Corpus
IELTS BNC: 573 COCA: 438
hard

adjective¹

 1solid/stiff堅硬VERBS | ADVERB | PHRASES VERBS➤be, feel, look, seem堅固；感覺堅固；看上去堅實；好像結實◇The chairs felt hard and uncomfortable.這些椅子又硬又不舒服。➤become, go變得堅硬；硬起來◇Don't leave the cake uncovered or the icing will go hard.蛋糕得蓋上，否則上面的糖霜會變硬。➤stay保持堅硬ADVERB➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.極為／頗為／非常堅硬▸➤a little, slightly, etc.有點兒／稍微有些堅硬PHRASES➤rock hard堅如磐石◇The toffee was rock hard.這種太妃糖硬得像石頭。
hard

adjective²

 2difficult困難VERBS | ADVERB VERBS➤be, look, seem困難；看上去費力；好像費力▸➤become, get變得艱難◇Life got very hard.生活變得非常艱難。➤make sth使⋯變得困難◇If you tell the children the answers, it only makes it harder for them to do the work on their own.你要是把答案告訴孩子們，只會讓他們更難獨立完成作業。➤find sth覺得⋯困難◇I found the exam quite hard.我覺得這次考試非常難。ADVERB➤extremely, fairly, very, etc.極其／相當／非常困難▸➤a little, slightly, etc.有點兒／略微有些困難
IELTS BNC: 573 COCA: 438
hard adj.
⇨ hard (hard work) ⇨ difficult 1 (hard to believe) ⇨ difficult 2 (a hard life) ⇨ final (hard evidence) ⇨ harsh (a hard winter) ⇨ ruthless (a hard man) ⇨ solid (a hard chair)hard

adjective

hard ♦︎ strenuous ♦︎ arduous ♦︎ gruelling ♦︎ punishingThese words all describe things that need a lot of physical strength or effort. 这些词均表示做某事是耗费体力的、辛苦的。PATTERNS AND COLLOCATIONS 句型和搭配◆hard / strenuous / arduous / gruelling work◆a hard / a strenuous / an arduous climb◆a hard / an arduous / a gruelling journey◆a hard / gruelling / punishing schedule◆a hard / gruelling day■ hard needing a lot of physical strength or mental effort, especially over a period of time 耗费体力（或脑力）的；辛苦的◆It's hard work shovelling snow.铲雪是个辛苦活儿。◆I've had a long hard day.我度过了漫长辛苦的一天。▸ hard

adverb

◆They work hard at school.他们很用功读书。◆I trained as hard as I could.我全力苦练。◆You must try harder.你得更加努力。◆She tried her hardest not to show her disappointment.她竭力不流露出自己有多失望。■ strenuous ˈstrenjuəs needing a lot of physical effort and energy; showing great energy and determination 费力的；繁重的；奋力的◆Avoid tasks which require strenuous physical activity.避免从事繁重的体力活动。◆The ship went down although strenuous efforts were made to save it.尽管人们尽了巨大努力去营救这条船，船还是沉了。▸ strenuously

adverb

◆He still works out strenuously every morning.他仍然每天早上勤加锻炼。◆The government strenuously denies the allegations.政府坚决否认那些说法。■ arduous ˈɑːdjuəs, ˈɑːdʒuəs; NAmE ˈɑːrdʒuəsinvolving a lot of physical or mental effort and energy, especially over a period of time 艰苦的；艰难的；（尤指）漫长艰巨的◆She was now faced with an arduous trek across the mountains.她当时正面对要翻越大山的艰苦行程。◆an arduous task / process艰巨任务；艰难过程NOTE 辨析 Strenuous or arduous? Strenuous activity may require more effort than arduous work, but it may take less time. * strenuous比arduous所表达的活动强度更大，但是持续的时间较短◆The exercise need not take long, but it should be fairly strenuous.做这项锻炼的时间不需要很长，但应达到一定强度。 ■ gruelling (especially BrE) (NAmE usually grueling) ˈgruːəlɪŋ very difficult and tiring, needing great physical or mental effort over a period of time 使人筋疲力尽的；折磨人的◆a gruelling work schedule累人的工作日程安排◆a sporting event that represents a gruelling test of endurance考验耐力的体育项目■ punishing (of planned activities) gruelling （活动计划）艰难持久的，令人疲惫不堪的◆a punishing exercise regime艰苦的训练规划◆The president has a punishing schedule for the next six months.总统今后六个月的工作日程十分繁忙。NOTE 辨析 Punishing or gruelling? Punishing is only used for planned activities and collocates only with schedule, programme and regime. * punishing只用于形容活动计划，仅与schedule、programme和regime等词搭配。
IELTS BNC: 573 COCA: 438
hard
Solid, stiff or hard: solid, stiff, hard...
Difficult to do and involving a lot of effort: difficult, hard, tough...
Not pleasant and enjoyable: unpleasant, bad, awful...
Brave and willing to take risks: brave, bold, heroic...
Cruel and unkind: cruel, unkind, evil...
Words used to describe effort: concerted, painstaking, all-out...
Words used to describe liquid: aerated, boiling, brackish...
Words used to describe cold weather: cold, crisp, brisk...
Frost, icy weather and freezing: frost, black ice, icicle...
True, definite and based on facts: true, certain, objective...
Words used to describe wet weather: rainy, showery, drizzly...

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