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IELTS BNC: 573 COCA: 438

hard

Word family
hard1 /hɑːd $ hɑːrd/ ●●● S1 W1 adjectiveadj (comparativecomp harder, superlativesupl hardest)  
1 firm to touch 坚硬的HARD firm, stiff, and difficult to press down, break, or cut 硬的,坚固的 OPP soft
 a hard wooden chair
一把硬木椅
 the hardest substance known to man
已知的最硬物质
 After months without rain, the ground was too hard to plough.
数月无雨,土地坚硬难犁。
2 difficult 困难的DIFFICULT difficult to do or understand 难做的;难懂的;困难的,不易的 SYN difficult OPP easy
 This year’s exam was much harder than last year’s.
今年的考试比去年的难得多。
 You’ll have to make some hard decisions.
你们必须作出困难的决定。
 They’re a hard team to beat.
他们是一支很难打败的球队。
it is hard to believe/imagine/see/know etc
 It was hard to see what else we could have done.
很难想出我们原本还可以做些什么。
 It’s hard to believe that anyone would say something like that.
很难相信有人会说出那样的话。
find it hard to do something
 I was finding it hard to concentrate.
我觉得很难集中精神。
 Permanent jobs are hard to come by (=difficult to find or get).
很难找到固定的工作。
be hard for somebody
 It must be hard for her, bringing up three kids on her own.
她一个人养育三个孩子,一定很不容易。
 Telling my parents is going to be the hardest thing about it.
最难办的将是如何告诉我的父母。
have a hard time doing something (=be difficult for someone to do something) 做某事很难
 You’ll have a hard time proving that.
你要证明那一点很难。
 I had a hard time persuading him to accept the offer.
我费了很多功夫说服他接受那个提议。
 Such criticism was hard to take (=difficult to accept).
很难接受这样的批评。
see thesaurus at difficult
3 TIREDwork/effort 工作/努力 [usually before noun] using or involving a lot of mental or physical effort 费力的,费劲的;耗费体力[脑力]
 To be successful in sport requires hard work and a great deal of determination.
要在体育方面有所成就需要艰辛的努力和百折不挠的决心。
 After a hard day at work, I just want to come home and put my feet up.
辛苦工作一天之后,我只想回家休息。
a hard day’s work/walking/skiing etc
 There’s a sauna where you can relax after a hard day’s skiing.
有一个桑拿浴室,在累人地滑了一天雪之后,你可以在里面放松一下。
 Becoming a doctor never interested him. It was too much like hard work (=it would involve too much work).
对于当医生他从不感兴趣,那要付出太多的艰辛。
see thesaurus at tiring
4 full of problems 充满问题的POORPROBLEM a situation or time that is hard is one in which you have a lot of problems, especially when you do not have enough money 〔尤指缺钱时处境或日子〕艰难的,困苦的,拮据的
 She’s had a hard life.
她一生艰辛。
 Times were hard and they were forced to sell their house.
那时的日子很艰难,他们被迫卖掉了房子。
 He had clearly fallen on hard times (=did not have much money).
他显然过得很拮据。
5 be hard on somebody 
Examples from the Corpus
6 be hard on something to have a bad effect on something 对某物有害
Examples from the Corpus
7 do something the hard way to learn, achieve, or do something after a bad experience or by making mistakes 吃过苦后做成某事
Examples from the Corpus
8 using force 用力气STRONG PERSON using a lot of force 用力的
9 hard evidence/facts/information etc facts that are definitely true and can be proved 确切[确凿]的证据/事实/情报等
Examples from the Corpus
10 unkind 无情的UNKINDCRUEL showing no sympathetic or gentle feelings 冷酷的,无情的
11 hard going 
Examples from the Corpus
12 make hard work of something to make something you are doing seem more difficult than it really is 使某事看起来更难
Examples from the Corpus
13 be hard at it/work informal to be very busy doing something 忙于干某事
Examples from the Corpus
14. water hard water contains a lot of minerals, and does not mix easily with soap 硬的〔含大量矿物质〕 OPP soft
15 hard luck 
Examples from the Corpus
16 give somebody a hard time informal
Examples from the Corpus
17 have a hard time to have a lot of problems or bad experiences 日子过得不容易
Examples from the Corpus
18 drive/strike a hard bargain to demand a lot or refuse to give too much when you are making an agreement 〔交涉时〕要求苛刻,寸步不让
Examples from the Corpus
19 hard feelings 
Examples from the Corpus
20 take a (long) hard look at something/somebody to think carefully about something, especially with the result that you change your opinions or behaviour 小心考虑某事/某人
Examples from the Corpus
21 hard line a strict way of dealing with someone or something 强硬手段[态度]
Examples from the Corpus
22 hard news news stories that are about serious subjects or events 硬新闻,重大新闻
Examples from the Corpus
23 STRONG PERSONnot frightened 不害怕的 British EnglishBrE spoken strong, ready to fight, and not afraid of anyone or anything 坚强的,勇敢的
24. (as) hard as nails someone who is hard as nails seems to have no feelings such as fear or sympathy 无所畏惧的;冷酷无情的
Examples from the Corpus
25. a hard taskmaster/master someone who makes people work too hard 要求过分严格的上司;逼迫别人拼命工作的人
Examples from the Corpus
26. a hard winter/frost a very cold winter or frost 严冬/严霜 OPP mild
Examples from the Corpus
27 the hard left/right people who have extreme left-wing or right-wing political aims and ideas 极左/右派 SYN far left/right, extreme
Examples from the Corpus
28 light especially literary hard light is bright and unpleasant 太亮的,刺目的 SYN harsh
29 MDDDRINKDRUGalcohol [only before noun] informal very strong 烈性的
30. a hard left/right a big turn to the left or right, for example when you are driving 向左/向右急转 SYN sharp
Examples from the Corpus
31. SLpronunciation 发音 a hard ‘c’ is pronounced /k/ rather than /s/; a hard ‘g’ is pronounced /g/ rather than /dz/ 发硬音的〔指字母c/k/音而不发/s/音,字母g/G/音而不发/dZ/音〕 soft
hardness noun [uncountableU]
 a material that would combine the flexibility of rubber with the hardness of glass
既有橡胶的弹性又有玻璃的硬度的一种材料
THESAURUS
hard difficult to press down, break, or cut, and not at all soft 硬的,坚固的
I fell onto the hard stone floor.
我跌倒在坚硬的石地板上。
The clay gets harder as it dries.
黏土干了就会变硬。
firm not completely hard, but not easy to press or bend – used especially when this seems a good thing 结实的,坚实的〔尤在这似乎是优点时使用〕
I like to sleep on a firm mattress.
我喜欢睡硬床垫。
exercises to make your stomach muscles nice and firm
使腹肌健美紧实的运动
nThe pears were firm and juicy.
stiff difficult to bend and not changing shape 不易弯曲的,不易变形的
a piece of stiff cardboard
一张硬卡纸
The collar of his shirt felt stiff and uncomfortable.
他的衬衫领子硬硬的,不舒服。
solid made of a thick hard material and not hollow 坚固的,实心的
a solid oak door
实心橡木门
The floor felt strong and solid beneath her feet.
她脚下的地板坚固而结实。
rigid /ˈrɪdʒəd/ having a structure that is made of a material that is difficult or impossible to bend 坚硬的,不易弯曲的
The tent is supported by a rigid frame.
帐篷由坚硬的支架支撑。
Carry sandwiches in a rigid container.
三明治要放在硬质容器里携带。
crisp/crispy used about food that is pleasantly hard, so that it makes a noise when you bite it – often used about things that have been cooked in thin slices until they are brown 〔常指烘、烤、煎、炸至金黄色的薄片食物〕()脆的
Bake the cookies until they are crisp and golden.
把小甜饼烤至酥脆并呈金黄色。
crispy bacon
脆熏肉
crunchy food that is crunchy makes a noise when you bite on it – often used about things that are fresh, for example fruit, vegetables, and nuts 〔常指水果、蔬菜、坚果等新鲜食品〕()脆的
a crunchy breakfast cereal
香脆的谷类早餐食物
The carrots were still nice and crunchy.
胡萝卜仍然爽脆可口。
na crunchy salad
ncrunchy peanut butter
tough meat that is tough is too hard and is difficult to cut or eat 〔肉〕切不下的;咬不动的;老的
The meat was tough and flavourless.
肉很老,淡而无味。
rubbery too hard and bending like rubber rather than breaking – used especially about meat 〔尤指肉〕(老得跟)橡皮似的
The chicken was all rubbery.
鸡肉太老,跟橡皮似的。
COLLOCATIONS CHECK
firm bed/muscles/fruit/vegetables/ground
stiff card/cardboard/collar/material/fingers/body
solid wood/steel/concrete/floor/wall
rigid frame/structure
crisp/crispy apple/bacon/toast/potato/lettuce
crunchy cereal/vegetables/nuts/snack
tough meat
rubbery meat
Examples from the Corpus
hard2 ●●● S1 W2 adverbadv (comparativecomp harder, superlativesupl hardest)  
1 using energy/effort 用劲/努力TRY TO DO OR GET something using a lot of effort, energy, or attention 费劲地;费力地
2 with force 用力STRONG PERSON with a lot of force 用力地;重重地
3 become solid 变硬 becoming solid, stiff, or firm 变硬
4 be hard hit/be hit hard HARM/BE BAD FORto be badly affected by something that has happened 受到严重影响,受到沉重打击
5 be hard put/pressed/pushed to do something informalDIFFICULT to have difficulty doing something 难以做到某事,做某事有困难
Examples from the Corpus
6 be/feel hard done by informalUNFAIR to be or feel unfairly treated (觉得)受到不公平对待
Examples from the Corpus
7 take something hard UPSETto be very upset about something, especially bad news 对某事〔尤指坏消息〕感到悲伤[难过]
Examples from the Corpus
8 hard upon/on something British EnglishBrE formal soon after something 紧接着某事
9. laugh/cry hard LOT/VERY MUCHto laugh, cry etc a lot /哭得很厉害
Examples from the Corpus
hard by, hard up, → (hard/hot/close) on somebody’s heels at heel1, → (hard/hot/close) on the heels of something at heel1, → play hard to get at play1(23)
Examples from the Corpus
From Longman Business Dictionary
hardhard /hɑːdhɑːrd/ adjectiveadj
1hard facts/numbers information based on things that can be measured, rather than feelings or opinions
Investors are again showing respect for hard numbers like quarterly earnings.
We have to separate the myths from the hard facts.
2ECONOMICSa hard market is one in which there is less competition and higher prices or rates
To be successful in a hard market, producers must devote more time than ever to cultivating relationships with clients.
Origin hard1
Old English heard

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